The Social Aspect of Computing Essay Example for Free

The Social Aspect of Computing Essay How has the online sharing of information, such as film and music, changed western buying habits? Record shops, cinemas, radio stations, video rental stores and even libraries are losing customers to the global trend that is OIS (Online Information Sharing the official MPAA and RIAA term for internet piracy). It once used to be a common sight to see small record shops filled with teens picking their favourite artists new records from the well stacked shelves, paying at the desk, discussing music with others and making new discoveries. It was not uncommon for people to buy or rent VHS tapes or sit at home listening to the radio. Piracy of course was alive here, the market for pirate radio, pirate tapes and pirated videos was enormous, the difference between then and today? Equipment. Nearly every person below 40 has a computer in MEDCs and also has the knowledge to share everything they want from their media collection with others. The most significant difference between the days of pirate radio and the days of worldwide networking is that you no longer need to know how it works to do it; millions of parents mindlessly expose their young kids to P2P networks such as KaZaA and LimeWire which are full of adult content, viruses and include open chat programs which might allow sexual predators access to their children. The first consumer P2P (peer-to-peer) network of note (others such as MC2 , Direct Connect and TinyP2P had existed before but were not widely adopted by the average user) called Napster allowed only for the sharing of music files such as WAVE and .mp3 (leading to MPEG 3 becoming the most popular music format in years to come). This was the most organised piracy or the time among teenagers and young adults through the internet but had problems in terms of the danger that faced the user (being caught) in that the centralized nature of the service meant that the server not only listed the files bring shared by members but all of the files passed through it in an effort to prevent the proliferation of malicious programs. This was extremely bad news for the user as Napster now had the IP address of each and every user, an integral flaw which would come back to bite the company and its user base later on before it could change its process and remove the evidence from its servers. Napster h ad finally made stealing music easy but was considered flawed by many in the IT community who wanted easier methods of sharing software, video and text files and a safer method of sharing music. Audiogalaxy was the first mainstream centralized P2P client that was capable (although not by design) of sharing any kind of file whatsoever, it gained popularity after the downfall of Napster and was the first time that the MPAA took note of file sharing software as connections became more capable of allowing fast download of high quality video. Audiogalaxy only indexed *.mp3 files, the obvious way round this limitation was found quickly: by (for example) naming a *.exe piece of software from tree.exe to tree exe .mp3. This made AG extremely useful for illegal distribution of both legally and illegally purchased data between users with experience in CGI and Batch (CGI parameters had to be edited to share non mp3 files) but was not as popular as eDonkey2000 (another P2P later to become known as eMule) program which did not have the security limitations of previous P2P clients as it was much faster to decentralize and allow open sharing and indexing. Especially in the case of Napster, facilitating thousands of minor crimes led to a series of lawsuits launched by musicians against the company (Metallica, Dr. Dre, Madonna) but received praise from other artists (Radiohead, Dispatch, Editors) for allowing distribution of singles prior to an albums release. Eventually a larger lawsuit was filed against the company which eventually resulted in bankruptcy after a lawsuit (which inadvertently increased the services user numbers) filed by the RIAA resulting in Napster closing down their network and being blocked from selling the company without liquidating assets under Chapter 7 of the US Bankruptcy Act meaning that the company was forced to close. The name was later sold to Swedish pornography company PMG who run it as a paid for service using similar looking software. AudioGalaxy was also sued and shut down as its out of court settlement rendered the service effectively useless and resulted in the services user base abandoning it en ma sse as a result AG too, opened a pay service to distribute music. In efforts to decentralize and avoid federal prosecution, modern networks designed for file sharing are de-centralized, often encrypted and use proxies to disguise IP addresses, for these reasons modern networks make it much less likely for a user to be discovered and served with a court order or other legal reprimand. A de-centralized system does not have a server which holds the files but instead a server that indexes a list of all available files rather than storing them. Most modern p2p systems also use (as mentioned previously) a process of encryption and proxy servers to make them untraceable. The servers often do not ask uploaders and downloaders of content to register accounts as they have previously done, this prevents user name linking: a process that the CIA reportedly used wherein they would search a napster username through a series of websites trying to gain personal data on a pirate in order to find and prosecute them. Another security feature of modern P2P protocols is the streaming swarm structure which works on a rarest first basis, splitting files into multiple parts and downloading these parts (to be reconstructed into a usable file on the leech (downloading) computer) rather than an actual file. As none of these individual parts is usable as the intended finished product on its own Swedish law allows the redistribution under its own piracy laws for this reason, the most prolific pirating groups are based in the country. One such group is the Swedish pirate political party called Piratbyran, the Piratbyran, (whose motto Pirate and Proud has itself caused problems for the group) this organised group has demanded that (along with the Pirates website piratgruppen.org) pirates be treated fairly by the law of the world as they believe they have the right to appraise things and decide if they are worth purchasing before doing so. For this reason, Piratbyran have set up Kopimi, a copywright alternative (said copyme) which declares others right to use your work as they see fit (this being a more extreme version of many other previously concocted alternatives like creative commons which permit a user the right to use works for non commercial reasons of their choice) for anything at all. The group also used Bram Cohens bit torrent protocol and created the worlds largest tracker a website that indexes all of the files available through the protocol which is called ThePirateBay.com (a.k.a. TPB), this site is distributed in over 20 languages and is currently the most popular tracker for the most advanced, secure and efficient protocol that is commercially available at this time. They are however intending to create their own protocol to remove their reliance in Bram Cohen (the creator) who has recently cut distribution deals with Hollywood film studios and is believed to be considering taking the protocol commercial. Governments across the world are certainly taking note, shown in hundreds of adverts which have only proven ineffective thus far. In the USA and the UK the governments have been running multiple adverts against piracy on legally purchased DVD videos and Blu ray / High Definition DVDs which are fairly useless: the advert assumes You wouldnt steal and lists a series of items before telling you piracy is a crime and showing w young girl getting up from her computer where she is downloading a film and walking out of the door. Most people tend to be offended at the fact that, after legally paying for something, they are forced to watch an advert telling them not to steal. This string of adverts alone has caused a series of parody adverts which take off the script of the original You might steal a book and even inspired a film called Steal this movie. Of course there are also positive sides to the increase in stealing and sharing among internet users, the little guy for example is heard far more than the major executive, companies are embracing the freedom culture and popular bands are pre releasing their albums for free to gain fan support. Sharing is even curing cancer! A largely adopted project ([emailprotected]) launched by a US university is folding protein strings over a massive decentralized network in an effort to discover a cancer cure or prevention in lieu of the supercomputer they would normally require. Those passing records about in the early days probably never saw that coming when they connected their first networks! Back in the early 1980s, piracy (albeit not online) was rife amongst office workers and the computer competent, these early criminals would exchange software through floppy disk and share records between each other. As the 90s started and the first networks were being created within offices, the stealing only increased as files could be copied between computer terminals via cable rather than by hand. Now, with the age of the internet: it is estimated that over 300 million of the worlds population routinely steal information and data over the internet with millions more borrowing DVDs and books from each other, whether or not these people are stealing more or less because of the internet is unquestionable, with our ability to access millions and millions of people we are able to share and steal far more than we previously could have done and this only provides incentive to give and take more than we would normally have done in a spirit of world community that is evoked by groups that exist in this sphere such as piratgruppen and the piratbyran. References: [1] English Wikipedia 18:06 18:09February 7th 2008 Pages on: Peer to peer file sharing, torrent, napster, audiogalaxy, warez, piratbyran or piratgruppen all saved complete to maintain coherence throughout the essay [2] Piratgruppen.org, Piratbyran or The Pirate Bay Blog, all saved complete to maintain coherence throughout the essay as of 18:17 18:23 February 7th 2008

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CHAPTER NO 5 Adjustments & maintenance 5.1 Capillary Tube 5.2 Priming 5.3 Pressure Gauge Fitting 5.4 Relief Valve 5.5 Pressure Adjustment 5.6 PD Pump System Flow Diagram 5.7 External Relief Valve Adjustment 5.8 Internal Relief Valve Adjustment 5.9 Motor Lubrication 5.1 Capillary Tube:- A capillary tube is a narrow, long tube of constant diameter. In refrigeration application of capillary tube, the surface tension is not important. Tube length limit from 1.0 m to 6 m and the diameters of refrigerant capillary tubes limit from 0.5 mm to 3 mm. Due to the following two factors the pressure reduction in a capillary tube occurs: The frictional resistance offered by tube walls refrigerant has to overcome. Than that of the liquid the density of vapor is less. As it flows in the tube the average density of refrigerant decreases. The increase in acceleration or velocity of the refrigerant requires pressure drop. 5.2 Priming:- Liquid pumps can lose prime and to get the pump started this will require the pump to be primed by adding liquid to the pump and inlet pipes. Loss of "prime" ...

Marketing Warfare in the Zimbabwean Mobile Sector Essay

Introduction The concept that marketing is warfare can be said to be largely true in respect of the Zimbabwean mobile sector where players have drawn lessons from established battlefield concepts of planning, maneuvering and outwitting fellow players in order to stay ahead of the pack. However the marketing is warfare concept does not adequately charectirise the competitive nature of the mobile industry as there are other factors to be taken into consideration such as customer needs. The mobile sector was introduced in Zimbabwe by Strive Masiyiwa through his Econet brand. A protracted battle with authority ensured before he was finally granted the licence to operate a mobile network. In the meantime, Net-one was granted a licence to operate and started offering Mobile phone services in 1996 followed by Net-one which was granted a licence in 1998 with Econet being the last to enter the market after its legal battle in July 1998. The mobile sector has since grown to incorporate other players who offer mobile services such as Africom, Broadacom and most recently Tel one who offer the (086) mobile line range. Going by the concept that marketing is warfare, the increase in players thus equates to an increase in the number of armies in the battlefield. This essay shall analyse how the players in the mobile sector industry have utilized well known battlefield strategies in order to control the giant share in the mobile industry. ‘Marketing is warfare’ defined Al Ries and Jack Trout have drawn a parallel between military warfare and the competitive strategies employed by competitors in the marketplace. Ries and Trout propose that there are four strategies that can be used in fighting a marketing war; defensive, offensive, flanking and guerrilla tactics. In any industry there is a market leader, market challenger, market follower and market niche. The market leader employs the defensive strategy in order to maintain its position as market leader and to expand its market share further. It has to continuously protect its market share from offensive attacks by its competitors. The market challenger is the one which follows behind the market leader and can employ offensive tactics to out rightly attack the market leader and its smaller competitors in order to increase its market share. It can also choose to accept its position as a market challenger and fight to maintain and defend their position as such. The market follower is much smaller and commands a smaller share of the market. It can chose to use the flank attacks which is an indirect approach rather than the offensive which can prove to be a more expensive and less effective method. The market follower recognizes the areas of the market not being covered by the market leader and challenger and focuses its attention on those areas in order to gain competitive advantage. Econet as the Market Leader Econet, commands about 58% of the mobile market in Zimbabwe with about 8million subscribers whilst Telecel has a market share of about 28% with subscribers amounting to 2.5 million.Net-One is last with a market share of around 15% and a subscriber base of 700 000. The above statistics clearly show that Econet is the market leader in the Zimbabwean mobile sector. However this has not always been the position as Net-one, the first to offer mobile services in Zimbabwe was at one time the market leader. This could be attributed to the fact that Net- one was the first to provide mobile services with Telecel and Econet entering the fray two years after net- One had already started providing services to the market. As such it was only normal that Net-One was the market leader at this stage. Due to the economic challenges experienced by the country especially the period before 2008, Net-One failed to maintain its position as market leader resulting in Econet taking over that position Amongst the tactics used by Econet to gain its position as market leader, is the offensive tactic. It quickly came in to increase its market share by increasing its subscriber base. This it did by upgrading their capacity to enable them to sign up as many new customers as possible. Econet took advantage of the fact that initially, mobile services were a scarce commodity and a preserve of the elite, to outwit its competitors by increasing its subscriber base and flooding the market with its mobile lines way before its competitors followed suit. Another factor which might have contributed to the rise of Econet to the position of market leader is the fact that, for it to get its licence to operate, Econet went through a protracted battle with the authorities even though they had come up with the idea to introduce mobile services in Zimbabwe. This protracted battle endeared the public to Econet as it was a general perception that Econet was being victmised. Consequently when it launched its own mobile services it had already won the loyalty of customers way before it started offering the service. Mobile defence. When it gained the position of market leader Econet then adopted the defensive strategy in order to maintain its position as such. It did this by a continued increase in its subscriber base whilst at the same time introducing new products so as to lure more customers. By continuously increasing its capacity in terms of the subscriber base, Econet ensured that it shut out its competitors, who due to a lack of resources were not able to match Econet’s continued rapid growth.by so doing Econet used the mobile defence strategy which entails more than just a leader maintaining a fotress position whilst assuming that its competitors will never catch up. In the mobile defence strategy however, the market leader, ‘concentrates upon market broadening and diversification.’ (Gilligan) Econet also went about the business of expanding its network coverage area. It did this hot in pursuit of Net-One which had gone on a network expansion drive, particularly in the rural areas an area which Econet had not yet penetrated. Econet went on a counter- offensive attack and expanded its network faster and wider than its competitors thus maintaining its position of market leader. This method was used by Cadillac when faced with stiff competition from Mercedes. It went on to produce a newer and better model than that which had been released by Mercedes. This is the method which was applied by Econet, because even though Net-One’s now covered the rural areas which previously had no access to mobile services, Econet’s network coverage was now bigger and even wider than any of its competitors. Since attaining its market leader position, Econet has worked on developing new products and services to maintain its present customers and to lure more customers. For instance, Econet introduced the Ecolife service to provide lie assurance services to its customers. This was a means of Econet diversifying from its main services and also worked to ensure that customers from other networks could migrate to Econet as their networks were not providing a similar service. On the other hand, Econet might have offered this product before doing their homework as regards their capacity to offer the product as they had to withdraw it following disputes with their partner. In order to maintain its market share whilst at the same time making meaningful inroads into hitherto unconquered territory, Econet was also the first one to introduce 3G services which enabled its customers to send and receive multimedia messages. The introduction of this service was long overdue as most of its customers already owned phones which could perform this task. The fact that it did so before any of its competitors did gave Econet a competitive advantage. In further diversifying, Econet ventured into internet services through its division Ecoweb. It further developed this concept by ensuring that it was the first to offer internet services on its mobile platform thus enabling users to access internet services on their mobile phones. Counter-offensive defensive When Net-One and Telecel introduced mobile banking through ‘One wallet’ and ‘Isikhwama’ respectively, Econet launched a counter- offensive defence by launching its own Ecocash. A counter-offensive attack is one in which the market leader responds to an attack by the market challenger. As they say that a bigger army has got an upper hand and is more likely to overpower the smaller armies, Econet could afford to embark on massive advertisement and roll out of their new product so as to outdo its competitors. Econet used all its resources and went into overdrive marketing Ecocash. This had the impact of overshadowing Telecel and Net-One’s own mobile banking services to the point that it is now as good as if they do not exist. Econet used the counter offensive defence in order to ensure that its competitors’ new products had a still birth. Using its enormous resources as the market leader, Econet went on to roll out its programme by recruiting agents all over the country, rural and urban areas alike which also serve as a marketing tool for them. By allowing its competitors to introduce their new products before coming in from behind after realizing that the product was viable, Econet also used a marketing strategy known as ‘constructive following’(Mercer1996). Econet took advantage of the gap in its competitors who, although they had a good idea, did not have as much resources as the market leader to roll out the programme as effectively as Econet did. In this particular instance it can be said that Econet went ahead to counter attack its competitors as it did not spare any resources in ensuring that the product gained attention. Furthermore it has set to flex its muscles by preventing Telecel and its partner Cabs, access to its customers through their ‘Textacash’ product. Position defence The position defence is a strategy used by a market leader to erect barrier around its company and ensure that its brand position is invincible. This can be done through massive advertisements and promotions to ingrain its position as the market leader. Econet has invested a lot of money in entrenching in the mind of the customer that theirs is the best brand to such an extent that even their competitors might also believe that this is a fact. Its vast profit margins ensure that it has the money to dominate the advertising sector and to promote its brand as the leading brand. The ‘Inspired to change your world’ catch phrase is used to imprint in the consumer’s mind that only their company can bring positive change to the consumer’s life and that the purpose of its very existence is to provide the best service to its customers through continued innovation. All throughout the country, Econet has put up billboards asserting its position as the market leader. This has the effect of making their presence felt not only by its competitors but society at large. The net effect of this is that its competitors will end up believing in Econet’s assertion that its position as market leader is unassailable thus preventing/ reducing attacks from competitors. Econet has also endeared itself to its customers through various social corporate responsibility activities such as Capernaum trust, Joshua Nkomo Scholarship fund and the National Health Trust. These activities enhance Econet’s competitive advantage as people begin to perceive it as a caring organization which is not just after their money. Telecel as the Market Challenger From the above statistics, it is can be deduced that Telecel is the market challenger. As a market challenger, Michael Porter suggests that a market challenger has three ways in which to offset the market leader’s advantage: i) By creating a competitive advantage in cost or differentiation. ii) By neutralizing the leader’s strong points. iii) By setting up a defence against counter- attack by the market leader. Telecel has been able to employ one or more of these tactics as the market challenger through various promotions and incentives to give it a competitive edge against the market leader. A market challenger also has to decide whom to challenge between the market leader and the market follower. Frontal attack The frontal attack is a military tactic in which the enemy is attacked head on. As a marketing tool, it involves the market challenger matching the market leader product for product and price for price (C. Gilligan 2010, pg 487). Telecel has kept itself on Econet’s heels by trying to keep abreast of all new products offered by Econet. Even though Econet was the first one to launch 3G services and mobile internet services, Telecel also quickly followed suit offering the same service to its customers and at similar cost. By so doing, it made sure that it did not lose a substantial number of customers to Econet seeking a better service. However a frontal attack is not always the best method as it very expensive and risky considering that the market challenger is dealing with a well resourced competitor. Not to be outdone by Econet, Telecel has also launched its own social corporate responsibility initiative through supporting old people’s homes which also can be seen as a frontal attack on its competitor. Flank attacks Telecel has taken advantage of those areas in which the market leader is weak in order to assert itself as a superior brand. This strategy is called the frontal attack and is less risky and less costly than the frontal attack. Telecel has identified those products that Econet does not provide and its weaknesses to fill the void left by Econet. A good example is the pre activated lines which are being offered by Telecel. Econet does not offer the same service, the result being that it takes longer for a customer’s new line to be activated than for a Telecel customer. This gives Telecel a competitive advantage over Econet. Telecel also provides airtime on credit up to a certain limit, another service which Econet does not provide. Through this product, Telecel customers can use airtime then pay for it later upon topping up their pre-paid lines. Upon purchasing a new mobile line, it is mandatory that one registers their details with their service provider before accessing service. Telecel has provided for this service to be provided via the phone without the need for filling in of forms. On the other hand Econet does not have a similar facility and one actually has to visit their offices to fill the forms with a considerable waiting period. Telecel was also the first one to provide call me back facility. This facility enables a customer without credit to send a message for another subscriber to call them back. Econet then launched a counter- offensive defense by immediately following suit. Nonetheless, Telecel still has the upper hand in terms of customer satisfaction as their subscribers are allowed to send call me backs across all networks. Econet on the other hand, only allows call me backs on its own network. This could give Telecel an advantage resulting in customer migration from Econet to Telecel, for those who require the service to be across the board. Telecel has consistently looked at ways to outwit their market leader by taking advantage of those service gaps left by Econet. Telecel took advantage of the social media platforms by being the first to encourage the market to like them on Facebook before Econet did. Econet has since taken a counter- offensive response by also signing up on the social network platform. Telecel also took the lead on teletunes a service whereby a caller can listen to a tune whilst waiting for their call to be connected. It also initiated a quiz facility where its customers would stand a chance to win prizes if they answered the questions correctly. All this enhanced Telecel’s brand as it would constantly seek to provide a differentiated service from that of its competitors. Telecel offered mobile banking services before Econet did. Econet immediately launched a massive counter-offensive as outlined above. This shows that it is a risky business to attack the market leader, as it has more than enough resources to counter the offensive and even surpasses the market challenger. Guerilla tactics These tactics entails hit and run moves which are designed to keep the competitor off balance. This can be in the form of temporary price reductions as Telecel did with the introduction of ‘mega juice’ airtime where their customers would get massive discounts within the network after topping up their airtime. This also worked to increase product as customers would buy more airtime knowing that they will receive bonuses. Telecel also reduced the price of their sim card starter packs as compared to those of their competitors. It can actually be argued that these two tactics alone helped Telecel to overtake its competitors from behind thus becoming the second largest mobile network in Zimbabwe. Guerilla warfare can also be by way of product comparisons. When Econet changed its platform from ‘091’ to ‘0772’ whilst Telecel was changing its own from ‘023’ to ‘072’, Telecel took advantage of this changeover to put its product in comparison with Econet. Previously Econet was associated with the elite, whilst on the other hand Telecel was associated with the less affluent. However with the changeover of the identifying numbers the difference was no longer notable. Telecel released advertisements encouraging people to ‘†¦.move over to Telecel since they were changing numbers anyway’. On its website in an apparent dig on the market leader Telecel says ‘We might not be the biggest but we are the best’ Telecel also underwent rebranding and increased advertisements and visibility. It also gives a statement that you do not have to be the biggest in order to be the best. Net-one as the market follower. Net-one having is the market follower in terms of the above statistics. It has the option of employing the following tactics: i) Product imitation or the me-too strategy ii) Guerilla tactics through price reduction iii) Use their Research and Development effectively Net- One moved from being the market leader to being the market follower due. This could be attributed to the economic meltdown between 2002 and 2009 and also the introduction of United States Dollar. Net- One lost a lot of revenue as it had established a niche market among the corporate and parastatals that preferred its contract line service. The introduction of the United States Dollar meant that all money owed under the Zimbabwe Dollar era was lost. Net-One has embarked on a number of warfare tactics in order to regain its market leader position. Initially, Net-one sought to regain its position as market leader through an aggressive network expansion drive. Net-One used the flanking attack by ensuring that they expanded to the rural areas whereas all its counterparts were concentrating on the urban areas. Thus Net-One took advantage of the gaps left by its competitors to gain competitive advantage. Econet however countered by expanding its network even wider than Net-One. Nevertheless, Net-One is still perceived to be the network that is easily accessible in the rural areas. Net-one has used the me-too strategy by also introducing airtime promotions and bonuses for topping up airtime. This it has done in imitation of the promotions done by Telecel under the ‘mega-juice’ promotion. It is reported that these promotions have resulted in it growing its subscriber by 500 000 subscribers. Net-One has also engaged in frontal attack in dealing with its competitors. In 2006 when Econet offered to sponsor the national Premier Soccer League (P.S.L), Net-One countered by offering to sponsor a team in the P.S.L. This would result in promotion conflict as Econet wanted players’ uniforms to all bear its brand whereas the Net-One sponsored team would also be required to wear the Net-One logo. In the end Econet pulled out of the sponsorship deal. Shortfalls of warfare marketing strategy. It has been argued that the warfare strategy’s shortfall is that it concentrates mainly on competitors moves whilst forgetting the customer. It has been proposed that there needs to be a strong focus upon the customer and that the organization must be customer-led. The marketing is warfare concept leads to too much aggression and sometimes a company can lose sight of its own objectives and or its own customers’ needs. This can have a negative impact on its performance as the company engages in unnecessary aggression. On the other hand, one cannot be purely customer –oriented as customers very often do not realize what they want and relying on customer opinions can be misguiding. Conclusion Marketing has been likened to a football match where one cannot just concentrate on the game without looking at his opponents’ because they will not win the game. From the above it can be said that indeed if the players in the mobile sector were to totally ignore their competitors they would not gain competitive advantage. However the mobile sector should also concentrate on their customers if they are to give their customers value. Overall it should be pointed out that the competition strategies highlighted above result in value addition for customers as players try to outdo each other. References †¢ http://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com †¢ http://www.econet.co.zw †¢ http://www.netone.co.zw †¢ http://www.telecel.co.zw †¢ http://www.techzim.co.zw †¢ Gilligan C. et al [2009] Strategic Marketing Planning , 2nd Edition Butterworth-Heinmann United Kingdom. †¢ Hooley G. et al [2012] Marketing Strategy & Competitive Positioning 5th Edition Prentice Hall International, United Kingdom. †¢ Kotler P. et al†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¢ Mercer D. [1998] Marketing 2nd Edition Blackwell Publishers United Kingdom.

Difference and Usages Between To and Too

Sometimes a seemingly small error can turn a great paper into a dud. Using to when you should have used too might seem like a small matter to you, but it can be one of those errors that make the red ink pens fly. This is one mix-up that makes teachers and professors crazy! The key to remembering when to use too instead of to is the extra o in too. The word too is used when youre referring to an extra or excessive amount of something. For instance: Im too tired to do another math problem. (excessively tired)Ive eaten too many blueberries and Im feeling sick. (an excessive amount)Im coming to your party too. (as an extra person)I think the school day starts too early. (excessively early) The word to has many uses. 1. It can be a preposition expressing a certain direction or location: I am going to the coffee shop. 2. It can be a proposition that identifies a thing or person being affected by something: That situation seems crazy to me. 3. It can make up (or indicate) an infinitive verb form. Marigold loves to sing.To live well is my goal. More Tips for Using Too If you are already in the habit of mixing to and too, it will take a little practice to correct yourself. They key is to stop and make a conscious decision each time you start to write the word to. Ask yourself if: You could substitute the word very.You could substitute the word excessively.You are dealing with an increase in number or degree of something.You could substitute the word also.Youre talking about going past a certain limit.You could substitute the word exceedingly. Notice how each case above deals with the notion of an extra amount? Just think about that extra o in too as you write and proofread. Youll be cured of a bad habit in no time!

Mexican Immigrants And The United States Essay - 1331 Words

While Colombian immigrants are relative newcomers immigrating to the United States, their figures began to increase greatly during the last few decades. â€Å"By 2008, Colombians were the largest South American immigrant group in the United States, accounting for nearly thirty percent of all South Americans in the country† (Murnan). Like many of the other Latin American countries, Colombia’s political instability has played the biggest role in motivating people to leave the country and immigrate to the United States in search of a better and safer way of life. Colombia has, in fact, lacked political stability since it became independent from the Spanish Empire in 1819. Since their first arrival in the United States, Colombians have worked hard to establish their own identity among the many different Hispanic populations and to find their place within conventional America. However, despite this, many immigrants often suffer the effects of stereotyping and discrimination because of the many negative American perceptions of Colombia as a drug-trafficking, criminal country, even though a very tiny number of Colombians in the United States happen to engage in any of these illegal activities. Carmen Foster, the subject of this paper, was born in Bogota, Colombia and moved to San Francisco, California when her parents divorced at the age of fifteen. Prior to immigrating, however, both Carmen and her two siblings attended a bilingual British school from the age of five. All subjectsShow MoreRelatedMexican Immigrants And The United States1602 Words   |  7 Pagesborn child of her parents. The state she was born in is a small border town that connects to the California border. She was born into a lower class family that was struggling to make ends meet and at the age of five she migrated to the United States with her mother. 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No Church in the Wild Analysis Essay - 1650 Words

Ryan Jones Professor Brian Burkhart College Composition I 13 November 2012 â€Å"No Church in the Wild†: From a Theologic Standpoint With the release of their newest CD, Watch the Throne, many of Jay-Z and Kanye West’s most exclusive tracks have come under scrutiny. One particular song containing debatable yet obvious theological symbolism is â€Å"No Church in the Wild.† Citing and exclaiming their religious and social beliefs, as well as their activities in today’s society in this new song, Kanye West and Shawn Carter (Jay-Z) show deep symbolism of today’s culture, the influence of Plato and Socrates on them, as well as their controversial lifestyles. Also, containing a featured chorus by Frank Ocean and a bridge by The-Dream, these parts†¦show more content†¦It transitions from â€Å"the wild† being a literal wild to being a â€Å"state of nature† like love. As stated, he says, â€Å"I stand by you, walk through the fire, Your love is my scripture, Let me into your encryption.† The-Dream th inks of â€Å"the wild† as life, as we fight through it in search of this love. With the conclusion of the bridge, Kanye West’s verse begins and he begins by comparing a woman’s black, cocaine-covered skin to zebra stripes. He then states in the fifth line, â€Å"We formed a new religion...† As the verse unfolds, we can see that Kanye West lives this life where he places the highest value on sexual pleasure and exploration with drugs. As long as sexual partners are open and trusting of one another, it is okay to go outside of their relationship for sex. He believes monogamy limits life to only one love. Kanye talks about a girl he met during a crazy night. 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Theoretical Perspective in Research and Design Methodology

Question: Describe about research methodology? Answer: 1.0 Selection of the research methodology According to Marshall Rossman (2010) a researcher can adopt three different kinds of research methods namely exploratory, descriptive and causal research. The researcher in this case should adopt the descriptive research method. Ritchie et al. (2013) opined that by using the descriptive method the researcher will be able to observe a large mass of target population and make required conclusions about the variables. The researcher by using descriptive research can effectively design a pre-structured questionnaire with both open ended and closed ended questions. The information collected from the responses of can be statistically presented in this type of research method for the easy interpretation of the report users. Since the researcher is trying to analyze the customer opinion, attitude , behavior and satisfaction level in relation to services and products hence the researcher should effectively use the descriptive method in order to statically analyze the data. The researcher here is not considering explanations of any issues or is not aiming to establish any new concepts or theories hence the researcher should effectively use the descriptive method instead of the exploratory methods. The multiple choice questions used in the descriptive method gives the respondent the attributes from which they need to choose and enables the researcher to connect the choice of the respondent with the choice of the researcher for the project. The use of descriptive design enables the researcher to measure the results rather than exploring the results. 2.0 Evaluation of differences between facts and theory and concepts and variables According to (_) facts are real information that an individual can observe. On the contrary, theories are the academic explanations that the scholars provide from the observations of the facts. For instance, a news report states that Ebola killed thousands of people in Africa and hundreds were shifted in order to prevent transmission of the disease. In this report, the statistics of thousands of people and the information relation to death caused due to Ebola are facts. The theory is the information about the transmission of the disease. It is not clear whether the disease is transmitted through human touch however; the quick spread of the disease has evoked the scientists to generate a theory regarding the same. Hence, (_) suggested that facts are true observations whereas theories are explanations of those observations. The interrelation between the fact and theory shows that theories can be transformed into facts if they are adequately supported by evidences and can be proven. Harriss Atkinson (2011) opined that a concept is a summarized detail about a fact. On the contrary, the concept becomes a variable when the concept can be expressed in numerical terms or can be categorized. For instance, a research conducted on customer satisfaction about online shopping shows that customer satisfaction is a concept. However, within the research when the customers are questioned about how satisfied they are with the online shopping services, the concept becomes a variable. When the researcher is attaching levels of satisfaction to the concept, the concept becomes variable. Hence Ritchie et al. (2013) added that all variables are derived from concepts however all concepts are independent and are not considered to be variables unless they are provided with levels. Thus, the existence of the concept is independent however; the variable may not exists without being linked with a particular concept. 3.0 Use of theoretical perspective in the design process The research process requires the research to engage with the theoretical prospective at some stages of the research. According to Marshall Rossman (2010) the research philosophies outlines the research design process. The different theoretical views namely positivism, post positivism, feminism, interpretivism and critical inquiry helps the researcher to effectively complete the research process. The adoption of the different types of the research philosophies defines the research methodology undertaken by the researcher. The researcher adopting the positivism philosophy assumes that the society and the environment can be measured through observations. The researcher thus adopts logical and scientific principles to interpret the observations and derive at conclusions. Thus, the researchers adopting positivism philosophy develops non experimental research designs. Maxwell (2012) added that interpretivism is opposite to positivism. The interpretivists believe that the reality has a multiple number of projections and hence they engage in experimental research designs to find the cause and affect relationship between the variables. The researchers adopting this philosophy generally adopt flexible research structures because the major aims of the researchers are to interpret and understand the human behavior through their research work. The phenomenology philosophy states that the personal experiences of the respondents can be effectively used to understand the various research topics. The researcher adopting the phenomenology philosophy within the research study generally strives to establish new concepts and principles. Thus, the researcher adopts an inductive approach for conducting of the research project. The researcher adopting realism assumes that the facts and objects of the research are true and accurate. The realist researcher also has the scope of making changes in the research questions, facts and methods. The researchers in case of realist approach use the explanatory research designs. The research project will thus explain in details all the aspects of the variables and will avoid any judgmental conclusions since the researcher does not engage in any kind of observational analysis. The researcher here also uses the theories in order to derive the explanations to the various causes (Ritchie et al. 2013). Finally, in the modern research reports the researchers generally adopts the post positivism philosophy that suggests that the theories, values and knowledge of the researcher are important for deriving the appropriate conclusions to the various observations. Unlike positivism where the researchers adopt that the there is no relation between the theories and the research outcomes, post positivism recognizes the interrelation between the two. 4.0 Evaluation of construct validity and measurement reliability Goh Law, (2002) stated that in research project the concept of construct validity refers to the assessment of the validity of the research methods. Apart from the content validity and criterion validity, construct validity helps the researcher to judge the effectiveness of the measurement procedures like the effectiveness of the questionnaires and the techniques used for designing the research questionnaires. With the help of construct validity, the researcher is also able to measure the level of the experiment in successfully establishing the research objectives. Mackey Gass (2013) argued that in may cases the researchers assume construct validity to be the measurement scale for measuring the physical design of the research methods. However, the concept deals in measuring the theoretical aspect of the design rather than the physical aspect. In general, for the exploratory research designs the researchers adopt the construct validity concept (Silverman, 2010). For instance, in case of education and language studies the researchers test the construct validity of the topic and the methods before engaging in the main research work. The concept of measurement reliability defines the process of quality measurement of the research methods. The reliability of the process is checked in order to check the consistency and the repeatability of the measures. The True score theory mentions the two components that assures the reliability of the research process namely the true ability of the respondent and the random error of the measurement process. Creswell (2013) suggested that construct validity may change with the change of time and hence the application of measurement reliability is necessary to measure the consistency of the research process. It is necessary to measure the reliability of different points within the research methods because measurement of reliability will ensure that the project is successfully being implemented and the objectives are attained. 5.0 Justification of quantitative research designs According to Waltz et al. (2010) quantitative research design is used in the experimental research methodologies where the researcher uses the mathematical and statistical data obtained from the observational research methods to analyze the outcome of the research. The researcher engaging in quantitative research generally asks narrow closed ended questions to produce unbiased results. Tashakkori Teddlie (2010) suggested that it is justifiable to use quantitative data in cases where the researcher wants to compare the data in a systematic way or the researcher is attempting to test a theory with hypothesis. For instance in case of a research project dealing with determination of customer satisfaction in relation to a particular product or service, the researcher should effectively use quantitative research techniques. Silverman (2010) suggested that a quantitative method helps the researcher to measure the preference levels of the customers, customer buying behavior, customer support etc. Quantitative techniques use a structured questionnaire that enables the respondents to select their answers from a given list of options. With the help of the rating questions, the researcher is able to measure the satisfaction rates and with the help of the ranking questions, the researcher can measure the preference rates. Moreover, Sein et al. (2011) has added that the primary reason behind use of quantitative research allows the researcher to understand the number of people in a target population sharing the same characteristics or behavior patterns. In case of companies conducting a research on the acceptance level of a new product it is advisable to use Quantitative research technique because this technique will help the company to understand the number of people who are using the products of the company an d the number of people who will prefer using the new product of the company. The companies may also use quantitative research to estimate the market size, business volume and measure the target market segments in order to forecast potential future demands. 6.0 Justification of qualitative research designs Qualitative research methods are generally the in-depth research methods employed by the researcher to get a wide idea about the target market segment. O'Leary (2013) added that when the researcher is uncertain about the research problem and research approach, then the researcher generally adopts the exploratory methods of qualitative research design. The focus group interviews, in depth interviews, observations and ethnographic participations are the methods of obtaining qualitative data. However, not all research projects require in-depth analysis. Hence, Kazdin (2011) suggested that the best situations where the qualitative method can be adopted are namely: To ascertain strengths and weakness of products and brands To generate an idea for a new product development To study emotions and attitudes of customers To study customer reactions to different public campaigns and advertisements To understand the perceptions of the customer towards a brand, product or service Collis Hussey (2013) suggested the level of importance for a product to the customers can be effectively determined by the qualitative research technique. Astbury and Leeuw (2010) recommended that if the researcher is trying to ascertain the rate of response in accordance to some issues than it is not advisable to use qualitative research. Qualitative research helps the researcher to generate the research questions and the issues. Thus, qualitative research should be used when the researcher requires in-depth information about the research topic. In case of a qualitative research, process the researcher uses open-ended questions within the research questionnaire. This helps the researcher to record the response of the respondents rather than limiting the response with options. The wide responses show the emotions of the respondents in relation to the issue of research problem thereby helping the researcher to make an in-depth analysis of the research topic. 7.0 Ethical considerations When the research process includes surveys of human participants, it is necessary to establish certain code of ethics for maintaining the dignity and autonomy of the participants. Creswell Clark (2007) opined that a researcher should abide by the following code of ethics in researcher that involves human participation. The research should be designed and conducted in a way that ensures quality, contribution to societal development, knowledge enhancement and integrity Researchers involving participation by children below 16 years or physically and metally misbalanced individuals should be risk free and conducted in a sympathetic manner without any act of pressure by the researcher on the respondents For company researches involving obtaining of internal company data the researcher should maintain code of confidentiality as proposed under the Data Protection act, of the employee respondents and should also ensure confidentiality of the data (Tarone et a 2013) In accordance with the Code of Ethics, the researchers should ensure that the data collected from the researchers should involve free consent of the respondents. Any kind of coercion, threat or biasness involved in acquiring the data will be considered unethical and invalid for the research. The researcher should also ensure respect and integrity in their treatment with the respondents in order to receive an effective response from them. In case of acquiring consent of the respondents, the researchers generally treat the respondents as objects of study rather than human beings with emotions. Hence, respecting the ideas and opinions of the respondents and recoding their advice on the research topic can ensure a fruitful study (Punch, 2013). 8.0 Comparison between three types of research methodologies Exploratory research Descriptive research Explanatory research Focuses on discovery of new ideas and concepts Focuses on analysis of opinions, attitudes, and behavior and satisfaction levels of individuals This method undertakes a the research with an objective of defining a cause and effect relationship between the variables The method is used when little or no information about the research topic is available to the researcher The method is used when the researcher has set specific research aims and objectives and has also generated specific research questions (Smith et al. 2011) The method is used when there is a probable existence of a cause effect relation between the variables In this method the researcher generally uses open ended questionnaires in order to secure the information and opinion of the respondents In this method the researcher generally uses close ended questionnaires with specific options and categories in order to understand the ratings In this method the researcher uses both open ended and close ended questions to relate the variables. This method generally uses qualitative research techniques This method uses the quantitative research techniques The researcher here also makes qualitative inquiry 9.0 Comparison between research designs According to Berger (2013), every research design has a predictor variable within the research design, which is a part of the design that the researcher can manipulate. Experimental design is the type of research design where the researcher has the ability to manipulate the predictor variable and create a cause and effect relationship. On the contrary, a non-experimental research is the design where the researcher has no control over the variables and relies on observations to derive a conclusion. The experimental designs have the capability of performing experiments on the respondents. However, the researchers adopting the non-experimental designs are forced to restrain their research to observations and interpretation methods. Since the experiments can be made hence the researcher, using the experimental design can confirm the cause and effect relationship between the variables (Kitchin Tate, 2013). On the contrary, the non-experimental researcher can suggest that there is a cause and effect relationship but cannot ensure the existence of the same. Flick (2011) suggested that quasi-experimental design is similar to an experimental design however; there is only a lack of random assignment. The major difference between the quasi experimental and non experimental designs are that the non experimental design does not attempt to minimize threats however quasi designs does uses techniques to minimize the threats. 10.0 Strengths and weaknesses of each research methodology Types of research Advantages disadvantages Exploratory research method In depth analysis: The main objective of this research is to improve the researchers knowledge about the research topic because the in-depth analysis of the topic helps to build good knowledge. Inappropriateness in quantitative measurements: The use of the open-ended questions makes the project theoretical rather than measurable or quantifiable. Testing of concepts : The researcher engaging in exploratory researcher process generally tests the concept before projecting the concept in the market. For instance the testing of a new product before promoting the product in the market (Robson, 2002) Time consuming: The analyses of the open-ended questionnaires are more time consuming compared to the statistical analysis. Effective outcomes: The in-depth analysis done by the researcher in the exploratory research helps in producing better outcomes for the project. Low usage: Majority of the studies aim to understand the individual behavior patterns hence the use of exploratory research is very low. Descriptive research method Huge target population : The use of close ended and pre structured questionnaires enables the researcher to collect data from a large sample within a short period. Lack of confidentiality: The respondents avoid answering personal questions because they feel there is a lack of confidentiality in the research project. Data collection from case studies: The descriptive research allows the researcher to collect data from personal case studies, newspaper reports and financial reports and contribute as a theoretical aspect to the research paper. Presence of errors: The pre structuring of the questions by the researcher leaves errors or omissions within the questionnaire and the categories response options. The researcher may choose the data as per his own convenience. No proof of the conclusions: The observations and the conclusions do not show any prove rather are statistical analysis of the data Explanatory research method or causal research methods Cause and effect relationship: The method clearly explains the cause and effect relationship between the variables in a project Lack of accuracy: However, Thygesen et al. (2011) opined that the method lacks accuracy since the method is based on the theoretical approach of the researcher. Future predictions: The method allows the researcher to make what if analysis of the variables Time consuming: The process of causal research may take time for establishing of the cause and effect relationship between the two variables Use of both techniques: The method involves usage of both qualitative as well as quantitative techniques. When the researcher is experimenting on the research topic, the researcher uses the qualitative technique and when the researcher is making statistical analysis, the researcher uses the quantitative techniques. Reference list Astbury, B and Leeuw, F. (2010) Unpacking Black Boxes: Mechanisms and Theory Building in Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation, 31(3), pp-363-381 Berger, A. A. (2013).Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Goh, C. Law, R. (2002), Modeling and forecasting tourism demand for arrivals with stochastic nonstationary seasonality and intervention, Tourism Management Volume 23, Issue 5, October 2002, Pages 499-510 Collis, J., Hussey, R. (2013).Business research. Pan Macmillan. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Creswell, J. W., Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Flick, U. (2011).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Harriss, D. J., Atkinson, G. (2011). Updateethical standards in sport and exercise science research.International Journal of Sports Medicine. Kazdin, A. E. (2011).Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings. Oxford University Press. Kitchin, R., Tate, N. (2013).Conducting research in human geography: theory, methodology and practice. Routledge. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2013).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (2010).Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Maxwell, J. A. (2012).Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach(Vol. 41). Sage. O'Leary, Z. (2013).The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Punch, K. F. (2013).Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Robson, C. (2002).Real world research(Vol. 2). Oxford: Blackwell publishers. Sein, M., Henfridsson, O., Purao, S., Rossi, M., Lindgren, R. (2011). Action design research. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2010).Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, V., Devane, D., Begley, C. M., Clarke, M. (2011). Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions.BMC medical research methodology,11(1), 15. Tarone, E. E., Gass, S. M., Cohen, A. D. (Eds.). (2013).Research methodology in second-language acquisition. Routledge. Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2010).Sage handbook of mixed methods in social behavioral research. Sage. Thygesen, S. K., Christiansen, C. F., Christensen, S., Lash, T. L., Srensen, H. T. (2011). The predictive value of ICD-10 diagnostic coding used to assess Charlson comorbidity index conditions in the population-based Danish National Registry of Patients.BMC medical research methodology,11(1), 83. Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O., Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research.