Mexican Immigrants And The United States Essay - 1331 Words

While Colombian immigrants are relative newcomers immigrating to the United States, their figures began to increase greatly during the last few decades. â€Å"By 2008, Colombians were the largest South American immigrant group in the United States, accounting for nearly thirty percent of all South Americans in the country† (Murnan). Like many of the other Latin American countries, Colombia’s political instability has played the biggest role in motivating people to leave the country and immigrate to the United States in search of a better and safer way of life. Colombia has, in fact, lacked political stability since it became independent from the Spanish Empire in 1819. Since their first arrival in the United States, Colombians have worked hard to establish their own identity among the many different Hispanic populations and to find their place within conventional America. However, despite this, many immigrants often suffer the effects of stereotyping and discrimination because of the many negative American perceptions of Colombia as a drug-trafficking, criminal country, even though a very tiny number of Colombians in the United States happen to engage in any of these illegal activities. Carmen Foster, the subject of this paper, was born in Bogota, Colombia and moved to San Francisco, California when her parents divorced at the age of fifteen. Prior to immigrating, however, both Carmen and her two siblings attended a bilingual British school from the age of five. All subjectsShow MoreRelatedMexican Immigrants And The United States1602 Words   |  7 Pagesborn child of her parents. The state she was born in is a small border town that connects to the California border. She was born into a lower class family that was struggling to make ends meet and at the age of five she migrated to the United States with her mother. During this period of time there was a large influx of Mexican migration to the United States that began in the early 20th century. There was a large demand for labor in the United States and the Mexican economy was struggling due to theRead MoreMexican Immigrants in United States Essay3845 Words   |  16 PagesMexican Immigrants in United States It is clear that the US is finding the constant flow of would-be Mexican immigrants an increasing problem, as is shown by the fact that their Border Patrol budget increased by 180% between 1993 and 1998, to reach a total of $4.2 billion by 1999. The USA will be employing 11,000 people to guard the border by September 2002, and 17,000 by 2008. But why does America see Mexican migrants as such a problem? And why do so many people considerRead MoreImpact Of Mexican Immigrants On The United States Society1545 Words   |  7 Pages1102 (03) 31 October, 2017 Impact of Mexican immigrants to the United States society Americans are celebrating their identity and heritage as well-known nation for immigrants especially the Mexicans. There is a solid base of help for preceded with migration as a vital element for economic growth and as a key component of a cosmopolitan culture among numerous Americans. Around 60 million individuals, more than one-fifth of the total populace of the United States, are settlers or the offspring of foreignersRead MoreDrawing Lines and Crossing Them: A Look at the Complexities of the US-Mexico Border900 Words   |  4 Pages but the absorption of fifty different peoples.† Over the course of its history, the United States has evolved into the country of all countries – in more ways than one. Not only is the US comprised of an array of people from varying locations worldwide, but it is also one of the most desirable destinations for immigrant transfer. The idea of American exceptionalism has resulted in the steady influx of immigrant masses over the course of history which in return has resulted not only in the country’sRead MoreThe United Farm Workers Movement: Cesar Chavez Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesrights, United Farm workers, etc. During the 1960’s the American culture would start to change because of these movements. The United Farm Workers movement for example fought for the rights of Mexic an americans. Their goal during the 1960’s was to get decent working conditions and more job opportunities. The United Farm Workers movement was led primarily by Dolores Huerta, Gilbert Padilla, and Cesar Chavez. Cesar Chavez coordinated the protests, and was at the time the President of the United Farm workersRead MoreBecoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, And Identity1553 Words   |  7 PagesBecoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 The immigration story of the United States includes groups of individuals from many different countries, one such group was that of the U.S.’s southern neighbor Mexico. In the book, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945, George J. Sà ¡nchez writes about the Mexican immigrants’ experience migrating to California and settling there, particularly in theRead MoreMexican Migration And The United States916 Words   |  4 PagesSabestian Trevino Mexican Migration to the United States The article chosen is â€Å"U.S. policy and Mexican Migration to the United States† written by Katharine M. Donato (1992) she is a professor of sociology whom discusses the analysis of immigrants who come to the U.S. on worker permits to work for several months to work the agricultural job which are very low on employment. This article corresponds to the results being analysed on Mexican immigration, whom it shows that there were three differentRead MoreMexican Immigration in the United States of America Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagesmany immigrants have about the United States. They naively believe for it to be the â€Å"land of opportunity†. Originally the United States was founded and settled by immigrants. Many immigrants, such as Mexicans, Eastern Europeans, Jews, and others from countries around the world came to America to escape war, poverty, famine, and/or religious prosecution. Some also chose to immigrate to take advantage of the opportunities and promise s that America held. One such major group of people is Mexicans. BeingRead MoreThe United States Has Been A Target For Many Immigrants1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States has been a target for many immigrants across the globe and is seen as a beacon of hope and opportunity. Ever since the first non-Americans arrived to the United States, for that reason, these immigrants were placed into specific categories in order to be differentiated from different groups of people. The name for the group that an immigrant would be placed, depended usually where the person came from, in some cases their religion or their nativity. The force placement into theseRead MoreMexican Immigration And The United States Essay1175 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the last two centuries Mexican migration to the United States have changed the culture and economic values of this nation. Coming from a country where only the rich can strive and the poor struggles to survive. Mexican immigrants risk their liv es to come to this country for an opportunity to a better life and to support their families back home. With their journey to this nation they bring their culture and language, involving the American culture in many ways. They come to also face many

No Church in the Wild Analysis Essay - 1650 Words

Ryan Jones Professor Brian Burkhart College Composition I 13 November 2012 â€Å"No Church in the Wild†: From a Theologic Standpoint With the release of their newest CD, Watch the Throne, many of Jay-Z and Kanye West’s most exclusive tracks have come under scrutiny. One particular song containing debatable yet obvious theological symbolism is â€Å"No Church in the Wild.† Citing and exclaiming their religious and social beliefs, as well as their activities in today’s society in this new song, Kanye West and Shawn Carter (Jay-Z) show deep symbolism of today’s culture, the influence of Plato and Socrates on them, as well as their controversial lifestyles. Also, containing a featured chorus by Frank Ocean and a bridge by The-Dream, these parts†¦show more content†¦It transitions from â€Å"the wild† being a literal wild to being a â€Å"state of nature† like love. As stated, he says, â€Å"I stand by you, walk through the fire, Your love is my scripture, Let me into your encryption.† The-Dream th inks of â€Å"the wild† as life, as we fight through it in search of this love. With the conclusion of the bridge, Kanye West’s verse begins and he begins by comparing a woman’s black, cocaine-covered skin to zebra stripes. He then states in the fifth line, â€Å"We formed a new religion...† As the verse unfolds, we can see that Kanye West lives this life where he places the highest value on sexual pleasure and exploration with drugs. As long as sexual partners are open and trusting of one another, it is okay to go outside of their relationship for sex. He believes monogamy limits life to only one love. Kanye talks about a girl he met during a crazy night. He says she had â€Å"Two tattoos one read ‘No Apologies,’ the other said ‘Love is Cursed by Monogamy.’† Kanye believes that monogamy kills and limits love, so why does society believe that it should limit it’s love to one person? Kanye ends his verse by stating à ¢â‚¬Å"When we die the money we can’t keep, But we probably spend it all cause the pain ain’t cheap, preach.† Kanye West is honest in his verse. When we die, we can’t keep the money or the material possessions we gainedShow MoreRelatedOrganized Religion Versus Sprituality in William Blakes Poetry990 Words   |  4 Pagesmovement of the 20th century. In â€Å"The Garden of Love†, the conflict between organized religion and individual thought is the constant idea throughout the poem. Blakes colorful use of imagery and heavy symbolism express his resentment toward the church. He makes it obvious how he feels, that it is restrictive in nature and hinders him from expressing his loves, joys, and desires. The poem begins with the narrator lying beside a river, where â€Å"love lay sleeping†. Blake laying with love on the riverbankRead MoreEssay on 49183397 ENG1502 02 MARK0701001035 Words   |  5 Pages Index Semester 2 Assignment 2: Discourse analysis a) Collect 5 signs or posters which appear within the same environment, this could be your local church, mall, school, airport, workplace etc. ......................................................................................3 Bibliography.........................................................................5 Declaration Regarding Plagiarism.....................................6 5 signs Analysis of features (3 features per sign @ 2 marksRead MoreTell the Women WeRe Going1034 Words   |  5 Pagesthe women we’re going Analysis of the Raymond Carver short story In my analysis of â€Å"Tell the women we’re going†, I have chosen to write a brief resume of the short story. Afterwards I will analyze the relationship between men and women and discuss how the story relates to the frontier theme, and how the wilderness is depicted. Furthermore I have used the Hollywood model to analyze the short story. I believe that the short story is very suitable to this type of analysis, because his style of writingRead MoreEssay on Hazel Motes Spiritual Struggle1351 Words   |  6 Pages The central spiritual struggle of the book is that of the character Hazel Motes. The protagonist goes through not simply one but several conversions throughout the book. His spiritual quest is his realization of the Church Without Jesus, and his search for a new jesus. As analysis in this paper will elucidate, Hazel spiritual arc is a critique of approaches to knowing God. The first such method, nihilism, is a belief in nothing. This exists not only as a reject ion of belief in an areligious senseRead MoreAthanasia: Human Impermanence and the Journey for Eternal Life in the Epic of Gilgamesh1740 Words   |  7 Pagesevident the innate rhythm of life, which represents the link that he has with nature. With love, and self-realization, Enkidu eventually becomes a friend to Gilgamesh. Readers are able to see the merging of Gilgamesh’s divine stature with Enkidu’s wild nature, which in turn changes Enkidu from a simple beast to a figure that is larger than life (Harris 122). He essentially becomes an equal to Gilgamesh. Enkidu undergoes the following transformation: From the barbarian man that he once was, EnkiduRead MorePhilip Larkin1040 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiences. Church going is one of his most cynical poems. Even the title is cynical.† Church going† can mean going to church, or the fact that in his opinion the church is disappearing. 1st line is cynical. Larkin only goes in when nothing is going on, but in his opinion nothing important is ever going on in a church. Shows his disdainful attitude to church with phrases such as another church little books some brass and stuff up the holy end He is disrespectful, uncaring to church. He pronouncesRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Van Dorens The Scarlet Letter851 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Scarlet Letter† is a modern classic of American literature written about controversy and published with controversy. In his analysis, Mark Van Doren criticizes Hawthorne by writing, â€Å"never before has Hawthorne dealt with stuff so solid; and never again will he be so able or content to let his people determine his plot.† In regards to â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† Van Doren d escribes the novel as â€Å"brief though it is and barren of incident though is seems, is packed with pictures and events; real atRead MoreA Performance Analysis Of Tarry Flynn1307 Words   |  6 PagesA Performance Analysis of Tarry Flynn ‘Tarry felt he wasn’t a Christian. His gods were in poetry, in the fields, in living things.’ Wayne Jordan’s production on Tarry Flynn in The Lir on Monday 20th October, opened with an enactment of village commotion. Stylised swarms of characters entered and exited from every corner of the theatre-in-the-round, each concerned with their own activity. As the rhythm, speed and energy climaxed Tarry Flynn enters and Mary Reilly is knocked off her bike. It laterRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 961 Words   |  4 Pages Movie paper analysis of The crucible The circumstance brought upon a person can change them greatly. The Crucible edited and rewritten by Arthur Miller, is a movie which takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. The leading actors are Daniel Day-Lewis as Proctor, Winona Ryder as Abigail, Paul Scofield as Judge Danforth, Joan Allen as Elizabeth, Bruce Davison as Parris, and Rob Campbell as Hale. It was directed by Nicholas Hytner and was Based on the witch hunt which surrounded MassachusettsRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s Misty Wall 1183 Words   |  5 PagesDickinson’s father was a Whig lawyer, and later worked in the Congregational Church until his middle age. Being a Puritan, the influence he had over his daughter was strong. Young girls at that time were educated to be full of purity and prudery. Dickinson was bold enough to show that girls feel strongly and love was a feeling everyone experiences. A good example is in her poem 249, â€Å"Wild Nights—Wild Nights!/Were I with thee/Wild Nights should be/Our luxury!† it refers to her night with her lover. Luxury

Theoretical Perspective in Research and Design Methodology

Question: Describe about research methodology? Answer: 1.0 Selection of the research methodology According to Marshall Rossman (2010) a researcher can adopt three different kinds of research methods namely exploratory, descriptive and causal research. The researcher in this case should adopt the descriptive research method. Ritchie et al. (2013) opined that by using the descriptive method the researcher will be able to observe a large mass of target population and make required conclusions about the variables. The researcher by using descriptive research can effectively design a pre-structured questionnaire with both open ended and closed ended questions. The information collected from the responses of can be statistically presented in this type of research method for the easy interpretation of the report users. Since the researcher is trying to analyze the customer opinion, attitude , behavior and satisfaction level in relation to services and products hence the researcher should effectively use the descriptive method in order to statically analyze the data. The researcher here is not considering explanations of any issues or is not aiming to establish any new concepts or theories hence the researcher should effectively use the descriptive method instead of the exploratory methods. The multiple choice questions used in the descriptive method gives the respondent the attributes from which they need to choose and enables the researcher to connect the choice of the respondent with the choice of the researcher for the project. The use of descriptive design enables the researcher to measure the results rather than exploring the results. 2.0 Evaluation of differences between facts and theory and concepts and variables According to (_) facts are real information that an individual can observe. On the contrary, theories are the academic explanations that the scholars provide from the observations of the facts. For instance, a news report states that Ebola killed thousands of people in Africa and hundreds were shifted in order to prevent transmission of the disease. In this report, the statistics of thousands of people and the information relation to death caused due to Ebola are facts. The theory is the information about the transmission of the disease. It is not clear whether the disease is transmitted through human touch however; the quick spread of the disease has evoked the scientists to generate a theory regarding the same. Hence, (_) suggested that facts are true observations whereas theories are explanations of those observations. The interrelation between the fact and theory shows that theories can be transformed into facts if they are adequately supported by evidences and can be proven. Harriss Atkinson (2011) opined that a concept is a summarized detail about a fact. On the contrary, the concept becomes a variable when the concept can be expressed in numerical terms or can be categorized. For instance, a research conducted on customer satisfaction about online shopping shows that customer satisfaction is a concept. However, within the research when the customers are questioned about how satisfied they are with the online shopping services, the concept becomes a variable. When the researcher is attaching levels of satisfaction to the concept, the concept becomes variable. Hence Ritchie et al. (2013) added that all variables are derived from concepts however all concepts are independent and are not considered to be variables unless they are provided with levels. Thus, the existence of the concept is independent however; the variable may not exists without being linked with a particular concept. 3.0 Use of theoretical perspective in the design process The research process requires the research to engage with the theoretical prospective at some stages of the research. According to Marshall Rossman (2010) the research philosophies outlines the research design process. The different theoretical views namely positivism, post positivism, feminism, interpretivism and critical inquiry helps the researcher to effectively complete the research process. The adoption of the different types of the research philosophies defines the research methodology undertaken by the researcher. The researcher adopting the positivism philosophy assumes that the society and the environment can be measured through observations. The researcher thus adopts logical and scientific principles to interpret the observations and derive at conclusions. Thus, the researchers adopting positivism philosophy develops non experimental research designs. Maxwell (2012) added that interpretivism is opposite to positivism. The interpretivists believe that the reality has a multiple number of projections and hence they engage in experimental research designs to find the cause and affect relationship between the variables. The researchers adopting this philosophy generally adopt flexible research structures because the major aims of the researchers are to interpret and understand the human behavior through their research work. The phenomenology philosophy states that the personal experiences of the respondents can be effectively used to understand the various research topics. The researcher adopting the phenomenology philosophy within the research study generally strives to establish new concepts and principles. Thus, the researcher adopts an inductive approach for conducting of the research project. The researcher adopting realism assumes that the facts and objects of the research are true and accurate. The realist researcher also has the scope of making changes in the research questions, facts and methods. The researchers in case of realist approach use the explanatory research designs. The research project will thus explain in details all the aspects of the variables and will avoid any judgmental conclusions since the researcher does not engage in any kind of observational analysis. The researcher here also uses the theories in order to derive the explanations to the various causes (Ritchie et al. 2013). Finally, in the modern research reports the researchers generally adopts the post positivism philosophy that suggests that the theories, values and knowledge of the researcher are important for deriving the appropriate conclusions to the various observations. Unlike positivism where the researchers adopt that the there is no relation between the theories and the research outcomes, post positivism recognizes the interrelation between the two. 4.0 Evaluation of construct validity and measurement reliability Goh Law, (2002) stated that in research project the concept of construct validity refers to the assessment of the validity of the research methods. Apart from the content validity and criterion validity, construct validity helps the researcher to judge the effectiveness of the measurement procedures like the effectiveness of the questionnaires and the techniques used for designing the research questionnaires. With the help of construct validity, the researcher is also able to measure the level of the experiment in successfully establishing the research objectives. Mackey Gass (2013) argued that in may cases the researchers assume construct validity to be the measurement scale for measuring the physical design of the research methods. However, the concept deals in measuring the theoretical aspect of the design rather than the physical aspect. In general, for the exploratory research designs the researchers adopt the construct validity concept (Silverman, 2010). For instance, in case of education and language studies the researchers test the construct validity of the topic and the methods before engaging in the main research work. The concept of measurement reliability defines the process of quality measurement of the research methods. The reliability of the process is checked in order to check the consistency and the repeatability of the measures. The True score theory mentions the two components that assures the reliability of the research process namely the true ability of the respondent and the random error of the measurement process. Creswell (2013) suggested that construct validity may change with the change of time and hence the application of measurement reliability is necessary to measure the consistency of the research process. It is necessary to measure the reliability of different points within the research methods because measurement of reliability will ensure that the project is successfully being implemented and the objectives are attained. 5.0 Justification of quantitative research designs According to Waltz et al. (2010) quantitative research design is used in the experimental research methodologies where the researcher uses the mathematical and statistical data obtained from the observational research methods to analyze the outcome of the research. The researcher engaging in quantitative research generally asks narrow closed ended questions to produce unbiased results. Tashakkori Teddlie (2010) suggested that it is justifiable to use quantitative data in cases where the researcher wants to compare the data in a systematic way or the researcher is attempting to test a theory with hypothesis. For instance in case of a research project dealing with determination of customer satisfaction in relation to a particular product or service, the researcher should effectively use quantitative research techniques. Silverman (2010) suggested that a quantitative method helps the researcher to measure the preference levels of the customers, customer buying behavior, customer support etc. Quantitative techniques use a structured questionnaire that enables the respondents to select their answers from a given list of options. With the help of the rating questions, the researcher is able to measure the satisfaction rates and with the help of the ranking questions, the researcher can measure the preference rates. Moreover, Sein et al. (2011) has added that the primary reason behind use of quantitative research allows the researcher to understand the number of people in a target population sharing the same characteristics or behavior patterns. In case of companies conducting a research on the acceptance level of a new product it is advisable to use Quantitative research technique because this technique will help the company to understand the number of people who are using the products of the company an d the number of people who will prefer using the new product of the company. The companies may also use quantitative research to estimate the market size, business volume and measure the target market segments in order to forecast potential future demands. 6.0 Justification of qualitative research designs Qualitative research methods are generally the in-depth research methods employed by the researcher to get a wide idea about the target market segment. O'Leary (2013) added that when the researcher is uncertain about the research problem and research approach, then the researcher generally adopts the exploratory methods of qualitative research design. The focus group interviews, in depth interviews, observations and ethnographic participations are the methods of obtaining qualitative data. However, not all research projects require in-depth analysis. Hence, Kazdin (2011) suggested that the best situations where the qualitative method can be adopted are namely: To ascertain strengths and weakness of products and brands To generate an idea for a new product development To study emotions and attitudes of customers To study customer reactions to different public campaigns and advertisements To understand the perceptions of the customer towards a brand, product or service Collis Hussey (2013) suggested the level of importance for a product to the customers can be effectively determined by the qualitative research technique. Astbury and Leeuw (2010) recommended that if the researcher is trying to ascertain the rate of response in accordance to some issues than it is not advisable to use qualitative research. Qualitative research helps the researcher to generate the research questions and the issues. Thus, qualitative research should be used when the researcher requires in-depth information about the research topic. In case of a qualitative research, process the researcher uses open-ended questions within the research questionnaire. This helps the researcher to record the response of the respondents rather than limiting the response with options. The wide responses show the emotions of the respondents in relation to the issue of research problem thereby helping the researcher to make an in-depth analysis of the research topic. 7.0 Ethical considerations When the research process includes surveys of human participants, it is necessary to establish certain code of ethics for maintaining the dignity and autonomy of the participants. Creswell Clark (2007) opined that a researcher should abide by the following code of ethics in researcher that involves human participation. The research should be designed and conducted in a way that ensures quality, contribution to societal development, knowledge enhancement and integrity Researchers involving participation by children below 16 years or physically and metally misbalanced individuals should be risk free and conducted in a sympathetic manner without any act of pressure by the researcher on the respondents For company researches involving obtaining of internal company data the researcher should maintain code of confidentiality as proposed under the Data Protection act, of the employee respondents and should also ensure confidentiality of the data (Tarone et a 2013) In accordance with the Code of Ethics, the researchers should ensure that the data collected from the researchers should involve free consent of the respondents. Any kind of coercion, threat or biasness involved in acquiring the data will be considered unethical and invalid for the research. The researcher should also ensure respect and integrity in their treatment with the respondents in order to receive an effective response from them. In case of acquiring consent of the respondents, the researchers generally treat the respondents as objects of study rather than human beings with emotions. Hence, respecting the ideas and opinions of the respondents and recoding their advice on the research topic can ensure a fruitful study (Punch, 2013). 8.0 Comparison between three types of research methodologies Exploratory research Descriptive research Explanatory research Focuses on discovery of new ideas and concepts Focuses on analysis of opinions, attitudes, and behavior and satisfaction levels of individuals This method undertakes a the research with an objective of defining a cause and effect relationship between the variables The method is used when little or no information about the research topic is available to the researcher The method is used when the researcher has set specific research aims and objectives and has also generated specific research questions (Smith et al. 2011) The method is used when there is a probable existence of a cause effect relation between the variables In this method the researcher generally uses open ended questionnaires in order to secure the information and opinion of the respondents In this method the researcher generally uses close ended questionnaires with specific options and categories in order to understand the ratings In this method the researcher uses both open ended and close ended questions to relate the variables. This method generally uses qualitative research techniques This method uses the quantitative research techniques The researcher here also makes qualitative inquiry 9.0 Comparison between research designs According to Berger (2013), every research design has a predictor variable within the research design, which is a part of the design that the researcher can manipulate. Experimental design is the type of research design where the researcher has the ability to manipulate the predictor variable and create a cause and effect relationship. On the contrary, a non-experimental research is the design where the researcher has no control over the variables and relies on observations to derive a conclusion. The experimental designs have the capability of performing experiments on the respondents. However, the researchers adopting the non-experimental designs are forced to restrain their research to observations and interpretation methods. Since the experiments can be made hence the researcher, using the experimental design can confirm the cause and effect relationship between the variables (Kitchin Tate, 2013). On the contrary, the non-experimental researcher can suggest that there is a cause and effect relationship but cannot ensure the existence of the same. Flick (2011) suggested that quasi-experimental design is similar to an experimental design however; there is only a lack of random assignment. The major difference between the quasi experimental and non experimental designs are that the non experimental design does not attempt to minimize threats however quasi designs does uses techniques to minimize the threats. 10.0 Strengths and weaknesses of each research methodology Types of research Advantages disadvantages Exploratory research method In depth analysis: The main objective of this research is to improve the researchers knowledge about the research topic because the in-depth analysis of the topic helps to build good knowledge. Inappropriateness in quantitative measurements: The use of the open-ended questions makes the project theoretical rather than measurable or quantifiable. Testing of concepts : The researcher engaging in exploratory researcher process generally tests the concept before projecting the concept in the market. For instance the testing of a new product before promoting the product in the market (Robson, 2002) Time consuming: The analyses of the open-ended questionnaires are more time consuming compared to the statistical analysis. Effective outcomes: The in-depth analysis done by the researcher in the exploratory research helps in producing better outcomes for the project. Low usage: Majority of the studies aim to understand the individual behavior patterns hence the use of exploratory research is very low. Descriptive research method Huge target population : The use of close ended and pre structured questionnaires enables the researcher to collect data from a large sample within a short period. Lack of confidentiality: The respondents avoid answering personal questions because they feel there is a lack of confidentiality in the research project. Data collection from case studies: The descriptive research allows the researcher to collect data from personal case studies, newspaper reports and financial reports and contribute as a theoretical aspect to the research paper. Presence of errors: The pre structuring of the questions by the researcher leaves errors or omissions within the questionnaire and the categories response options. The researcher may choose the data as per his own convenience. No proof of the conclusions: The observations and the conclusions do not show any prove rather are statistical analysis of the data Explanatory research method or causal research methods Cause and effect relationship: The method clearly explains the cause and effect relationship between the variables in a project Lack of accuracy: However, Thygesen et al. (2011) opined that the method lacks accuracy since the method is based on the theoretical approach of the researcher. Future predictions: The method allows the researcher to make what if analysis of the variables Time consuming: The process of causal research may take time for establishing of the cause and effect relationship between the two variables Use of both techniques: The method involves usage of both qualitative as well as quantitative techniques. When the researcher is experimenting on the research topic, the researcher uses the qualitative technique and when the researcher is making statistical analysis, the researcher uses the quantitative techniques. Reference list Astbury, B and Leeuw, F. (2010) Unpacking Black Boxes: Mechanisms and Theory Building in Evaluation American Journal of Evaluation, 31(3), pp-363-381 Berger, A. A. (2013).Media and communication research methods: An introduction to qualitative and quantitative approaches. SAGE Publications, Incorporated. Goh, C. Law, R. (2002), Modeling and forecasting tourism demand for arrivals with stochastic nonstationary seasonality and intervention, Tourism Management Volume 23, Issue 5, October 2002, Pages 499-510 Collis, J., Hussey, R. (2013).Business research. Pan Macmillan. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Creswell, J. W., Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Flick, U. (2011).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Harriss, D. J., Atkinson, G. (2011). Updateethical standards in sport and exercise science research.International Journal of Sports Medicine. Kazdin, A. E. (2011).Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings. Oxford University Press. Kitchin, R., Tate, N. (2013).Conducting research in human geography: theory, methodology and practice. Routledge. Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2013).Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (2010).Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Maxwell, J. A. (2012).Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach(Vol. 41). Sage. O'Leary, Z. (2013).The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Punch, K. F. (2013).Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Robson, C. (2002).Real world research(Vol. 2). Oxford: Blackwell publishers. Sein, M., Henfridsson, O., Purao, S., Rossi, M., Lindgren, R. (2011). Action design research. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2010).Qualitative research. Sage. Smith, V., Devane, D., Begley, C. M., Clarke, M. (2011). Methodology in conducting a systematic review of systematic reviews of healthcare interventions.BMC medical research methodology,11(1), 15. Tarone, E. E., Gass, S. M., Cohen, A. D. (Eds.). (2013).Research methodology in second-language acquisition. Routledge. Tashakkori, A., Teddlie, C. (Eds.). (2010).Sage handbook of mixed methods in social behavioral research. Sage. Thygesen, S. K., Christiansen, C. F., Christensen, S., Lash, T. L., Srensen, H. T. (2011). The predictive value of ICD-10 diagnostic coding used to assess Charlson comorbidity index conditions in the population-based Danish National Registry of Patients.BMC medical research methodology,11(1), 83. Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O., Lenz, E. R. (2010). Measurement in nursing and health research.

Porters Five Forces and Best Buy

Introduction The model that has been developed by Michael Porter can be viewed as incredibly efficient and still can be used by modern companies. The need to have an understanding of the firm’s strengths and weaknesses should not be disregarded during the development of their strategies, and it could lead to a significant competitive advantage in most cases (Porter, 1991).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Porter’s Five Forces and Best Buy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rivalry Best buy is one of the most well-known corporations that operates all over the globe and is focused on consumer electronics. Such retail companies as Radioshack and Circuit city may be viewed as direct competitors because they offer similar services and are aimed at the same target market. Also, it is important to note that the company has to deal with indirect competitors such as Amazon, E-Bay, Wal-Mart and others. Another i ssue that should not be overlooked is that the popularity of online sales has been increasing over the years, and many companies may use this approach to minimize unnecessary expenses. However, Best Buy is capable of using this aspect to its advantage. For instance, an individual may make a purchase, and the product will be delivered to a particular address or may be picked up at a store. It is necessary to mention that the second choice is beneficial for both parties because a customer will be able to avoid shipping fees, and a company will not have to deal with possible issues (Rao, Goldsby, Iyengar, 2009). Substitutes Furthermore, it is understandable that many other companies offer products that are quite similar, but the enterprise takes advantage of the fact that the brand is well-known, and has managed to build valuable relationships with many consumers. It is imperative to note that smartphones and tablets have many alternatives, and it is especially true for devices that a re based on Android platform. Most of the products have similar specifications, but some of them have unique functionality and the role of materials have also been increasing because consumers want their devices to be durable. Moreover, another aspect that should not be disregarded is that it may be necessary to put such products in different groups. However, it is important to understand that many other competitors do not provide such enormous variety of devices, and the quality of service is also lower most of the time (Bansal Moritz, 2015).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Buyer Power The role of buyer power also should not be overlooked most of the time, and a company should base its strategies depending on the target market. It can be described as an ability of consumers to influence the prices, quality of products and other aspects. It is paramount to understand that a n enterprise may be able to reduce buyer power if it is necessary and such approach is regarded as efficient. Also, it is necessary to mention that their influence increases if numerous alternatives are available, and a retailer has to reduce prices or participate in other activities to attract and retain consumers. Discussion Another aspect that should be mentioned is that the demands of customers are always increasing, and their expectations are set incredibly high at this point. However, the ability of consumers to influence prices is rather limited, and they have to accept offers that are made because electronics are of utmost importance in modern society, and it may be hard to find alternatives. On the other hand, the influence of suppliers is incredibly high most of the time because the business is dependent on them. However, it is necessary to understand that manufacturers receive an enormous percentage of profits because of collaboration with Best Buy, and it is in their int erest to ensure that both parties are satisfied with terms. Moreover, it is paramount to understand that the complexity of many contracts and agreements has also increased recently, and such issues as global crises are especially problematic. The problem that needs to be mentioned is that suppliers may compete with others in some cases, and it is important to ensure that such conflicts are resolved because it may hurt the business in the long-term (Miklà ³s†Thal, Rey, Vergà ©, 2011). Barriers The biggest problem many competitors have to deal with is that many companies in this industry are already well-established and have managed to get an excellent position on the market. Moreover, it is important to invest an enormous amount of resources because the industry is not stable most of the time, and some technologies that are introduced may be disruptive. Also, it is necessary to note that connections with suppliers are of utmost importance, and it may not be an easy task for a new firm to get access to all the necessary products. Moreover, it is important to understand that such companies as Best Buy have invested amounts of resources into research of emerging technologies and approaches, and they keep track of latest trends in the industry to stay ahead of competitors (Chakravarthy Lorange, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Porter’s Five Forces and Best Buy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another barrier that needs to be mentioned is that it may not be an easy task to attract the attention of customers because they prefer products from well-known companies most of the time. Overall, the biggest problem that firms may have to deal with is that it may not be an easy task to liquefy such businesses most of the time if any issues occur, and many enterprises are not ready to deal with such enormous risks. Threats from the side of competitors also need to be mentioned. It i s understandable that a business that has received support and investments may be able to gain a significant competitive advantage. Also, some of the strategies and techniques that may be used to attract customers must be taken into account. However, the fact that many consumers prefer to stay loyal to a particular brand should not be overlooked, and many enterprises provide such clients with a range of benefits such as discounts and others. Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident that Best Buy has managed to gain an advantageous position in the market and has managed to build an enormous base of clients thanks to efficient strategies and outstanding marketing. Also, it is necessary to mention that the company understands the importance of five forces that have been suggested by Porter, and consider them during the development of their approaches. Moreover, it is necessary to note that numerous internal and external factors should be taken into account, and it is entirely possible t hat a relatively new firm will be capable of entering the market. However, the fact that the enterprise will have to deal with numerous issues should not be overlooked, and the situation is not going to change anytime soon because the current state of the industry has formed over the years. References Bansal, S., Moritz, B. (2015). Perceived versus actual value of product substitution flexibility: An experimental investigation. Journal of Operations Management, 38(1), 56-70. Chakravarthy, B., Lorange, P. (2007). Continuous renewal and how Best Buy did it. Strategy Leadership, 35(6), 4-11. Miklà ³s†Thal, J., Rey, P., Vergà ©, T. (2011). Buyer power and intraband coordination. Journal of the European Economic Association, 9(4), 721-741.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Porter, M. (1991). Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic management journal, 12(1), 95-117. Rao, S., Goldsby, J.T., Iyengar, D. (2009). The marketing and logistics efficacy of online sales channels. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 39(2), 106-130. This essay on Porter’s Five Forces and Best Buy was written and submitted by user Elise Walker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Healthy Lifestyles and Ageing

Introduction Ageing is a biological process that one cannot avoid; it is often related to diseases. A healthy lifestyle helps a person to live healthy even in old age. A healthy lifestyle is a way of living that tries to eliminate occurrence of a disease as well as reducing the risk of dying. It involves social, mental and physical health.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Lifestyles and Ageing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is thus a relationship between ageing and lifestyle. Lifestyle refers to choices that one makes including diet, physical exercises, smoking and alcohol intake. A healthy lifestyle makes a person to enjoy his life and avoid health complications. This article will discuss the correlation between a lifestyle and the quality of life that a person lives as he/she grows old. Factors that Affect Ageing Ageing is determined by social lifestyle of a person; this comes as a result of ones experiences and environmental interaction in which one is exposed to. Several theories have been developed to explain the ageing process: activity theory, disengagement theory, social cognitive theory among others. Biologically, ageing is caused by the destruction of cells, â€Å"metabolic stress, oxidative stress and inflammation† (Rahelu, 2009, p. 232). Depression contributes much in ageing. People with depressed mood indirectly quicken their ageing. Depression may be caused by an unfavorable environment. A depressed person is likely to engage in unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, alcohol abuse, less physical exercises which will likely result to development obesity. Smoking of cigarettes and taking of alcohol are associated with many diseases some of which include cancer and diabetes. Most chronic diseases are attracted to people with depressed moods (Gool et al., 2007). Social differences are related to the level of exercise engagement. From a research carried out to s upport ecological theory, it was seen that women who earned a lot of money engaged more in physical exercises while those with high level of education engaged less in physical exercises. In men, money and level of education did not affect the level of physical exercise. Among those who engaged in physical exercises, there were few blacks compared to whites (Grzywacz, 2001). Experience determines the social approach to life. In young unmarried relationships, love is not much a commitment like in older people. How we live our lives is also determined by other factors, such as race, gender, ethnicity and environment. For example, some people marry early in life while others marry late. According to a psychologist Daniel Levinson, transition begins when one gets into adulthood. Moving away from parent’s residence marks a significant point of one’s life. At around the age of 40 years, there is the midlife transition which is the second stage. In many people, it is character ized by midlife crisis. This is a stage where individuals feel that they have not made it in life according to the goals they had set for themselves. The stage is characterized with stress and this can have negative effects on the individual. The crisis can also be due to many responsibilities that a person gets, such as taking care of the children and the parents at the same time (Society, n.d.).Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theories of Ageing Activity Theory Activity theory bases its argument on activity as a person continues to age. To have a healthy ageing process, one must continue doing many activities that he/she did while he/she was young. Alternatively, one can substitute these roles so as to maintain high body activity. Activity theory argues that people who are active even in their old age live a more satisfying life than those who do not engage themselves in any activity. M any people who retire and become idle tend to get health problems compared to those who are involved in some activity (Bohl, 2010). The inactivity state can be caused by disease, environmnent, retirement and dependency on the children or other people. There are also old people with sound health but they tend to be inactive. This is why this theory is opposed because even old people without any problem tend to remain inactive. They are said to be self imposed activity limitation which is â€Å"an incremental process of self determined, self initiated, and self reinforced constraints on physical, mental or social actions by a person who has control over a situation and the capacity of performing an action† (Guo Philips, 2010, p. 358). From a study, it was observed that older people who lived in isolation were at a higher risk of dying (Grzywacz, 2001). This necessitated the need for the elderly people to be involved in various activities. Social networks have been associated w ith positive effects on the elderly people making them to live longer. People who have remained active in their old age live longer than those who remain inactive (Grzywacz, 2001). Activity theory has an implication in healthy lifestyle because research proves that activities are physical exercises and they help to improve the quality of life. Disengagement Theory According to disengagement theory by Cummings and Henry in 1961, as people get old, they tend to stop many activities that they used to engage in. The theory argues that old people cannot have the same desires as they used to have when they were young. Older people stop working; engage in less volunteer work, and less spouse hobbies. Activities such as going to swim are left for the younger people. The society also separates the aged from the rest of the society. The old are taken to nursing homes and they are not given opportunities in employment. Old people in the world represent about 7% population which is more than 45 3 million people (Society, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Lifestyles and Ageing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This theory was challenged because it was only effective when the society isolated the old people and prevented them from performing their duties. It was disapproved because research showed that most of the old people enjoyed being part of activities which are carried out in the society. It showed that it helped majority of those people who were involved in activities. A research revealed that there were a fewer number of deaths in those people who did volunteer work than those who did not. Old people who live with their families have higher life expectancy than those who live in isolation. Involvement in social work of an old person develops the social ability. (Hinterlong, 2006) People who engage in learning activities have been seen to have lower number of visits to the hospitals. E cological Theory of Ageing This theory explains that the ability of a person to cope with ageing depends more on his/her environment as well as the inner strength. There are environmental factors that are related with ageing: â€Å"interpersonal, psychological, familial, social network, community, institutional, societal and cultural as well as physical, ecological and historical† (Bandura, 1998, p., 29). An Unfavorable environment does not encourage personal growth and can impair the functioning of a person’s body. This is influenced by the habitat in which he/she lives. The environment tends to determine the â€Å"social distance, intimacy, privacy, and other interpersonal processes† (Bandura, 1998, p. 30). An unfavorable environment leads a person to neglect him/herself in many ways such as the diet he/she takes and engaging in physical exercises. Ecological theory is applicable in ones lifestyle because the environment determines the kind of lifestyle that a person lives. An environment can highly determine many physical exercises and the type of diet and other behaviors such as smoking. Social Cognitive Theory This theory explains that each person gets some patterns of behavior which are more determined by the inside person other than the environment. It upholds that people are responsible for their own behavior because, they are responsible for their motivation, behavior and development which are closely related to each other. These behavioral patterns outcomes are not molded by the environment in which a person lives. A person is supposed to modify the environment and make it favorable. The environment includes social and physical environments.Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The social environment is made up of the family, friends and people of the same age group. The physical environment refers to the place where one stays and the characteristics such as temperature, humidity, and the food a person eats. The environment is used to determine a person’s behavior in certain circumstances. In this theory, mental perception of environment affects a person’s behavior. The environment and behavior affects each other. The theory explains how behaviors are coordinated in a person. They can be acquired through observation. When one acquires the skills to perform an action he/she is known to have behavioral capability. This theory also considers the expectations which are results that a particular behavior brings. A rewarding behavior is likely to be reinforced, while a punishing behavior is eliminated. A person can also regulate his/her behaviors by having self control. There is also an emotional way that individuals behave to handle difficult emot ional situations. This is used to know the best way to cope with difficulties (Twente, 2010). Social cognitive theory is applicable because a person’s experience highly determines what kind of lifestyle they lead. Healthy habits such as engaging in physical exercises, encouraging happy moods and eating healthy diet result in a healthy lifestyle. It creates a good basis of research since ageing is determined by long term behaviors. Importance of Healthy nutrition and Physical Exercises Taking a diet with a lot of vegetables, little salt, saturated fat and wine and engaging in physical exercises are a good way of increasing life expectancy. This kind of diet is beneficial because it eliminates cholesterol and lowers the blood pressure. Physical exercise and healthy nutrition reduces the risk of obesity. Excessive weight is related to complications such as, â€Å" high blood pressure, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, obstructive sleep apnea, depression and osteoarthritis † (ADAM, 2010, p. 1). Physical exercise is also important in that it helps to keep healthy and strong bones. In adulthood, men and women reach their peak bone mass by but it starts wearing out when one starts ageing. Women usually lose bone mass at a higher rate than men during menopause at the rate of 1-2%. Physical exercises such as running, jogging and cycling have been known to increase bone mass while preventing them from wearing out. Physical exercises also reduce the risks of osteoporosis because it increases the strength of muscles, synchronization, flexibility and stability. Sufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D are also important in strengthening bones. It is therefore important for old people to get outside and have frequent exposure to sunshine other than remaining indoors throughout the day. This reduces the incidences of Vitamin D deficiency. Those who have vitamin D deficiency can take vitamin D supplements. Strong bones reduce the risk of bone fractures. F ruits and vegetables help to maintain the bones in a healthy condition. Enough intake of vitamin A helps in normal growth of bones. Older people have a challenge of being able to take food efficiently. Majority of old people live on drugs and this may cause poor health of their teeth. If the teeth are affected, a person’s ability to chew and taste the food decreases (Rahelu, 2009). Older people’s stomachs tend to accommodate small quantities of food which may be insufficient. They also have increased cases of constipation especially if one does not include fruits and vegetables in the diet (Davies, 2011). Lack of strong teeth can determine the type of food a certain person is able to eat and may force him/her to eat. Healthy diet promotes healthy skin (Rahelu, 2009). Mental health is enhanced by physical activities. It is more appropriate to engage in physical exercises than to use drugs for mental wellbeing. Social prescribing is helpful in maintaining mental health. It creates opportunities for people to engage in arts, creativity, physical exercises and adventures as well as learning new skills. When the mind is involved, it hardly gets depressed (Davies, 2011); â€Å"social support reduces vulnerability to stress† (Bandura, 1998, p. 5). Healthy lifestyle increases the life expectancy of a person. Cigarette smoking reduces life expectancy but there are notable advantages of stopping to smoke cigarettes because it lowers the risks of occurrence of diseases which are caused by cigarette smoking e. g cancer. Lifestyle drugs are taken by people to increase the value of life. The drugs are meant to enhance good appearance, physical and mental ability. They are not taken because a person is ailing from any disease. This is the reason why many physicians are faced with many challenging situations when healthy people demand for lifestyle drugs; which may have a negative effect on their health. Lifestyle drugs are of two types: â€Å"Drugs appr oved for a specific lifestyle indication and drugs approved for specific indications but used for other purposes† (Harth, Seikowsky, Hermes, 2009, p. 14). Old people tend to use them so as to appear younger. A healthy lifestyle helps men to maintain high levels of testosterone hormone even in their old age. From a research which was based on men’s behaviors of smoking, diet and physical exercises there was a strong relationship of lifestyle and levels of testosterone. Those who had higher scores of lifestyle, i. e. had not smoked, engaged in physical exercises and were consistently taking healthy diets were found to have higher levels of testosterone (Yeap et al., 2009). Healthy lifestyle involves healthy diet, engaging in physical exercises and social and psychological health. Research on healthy lifestyle has shown many benefits. Encouraging people to live on healthy diet and engage on physical exercise has improved the quality of lives in many people. Physical activ ities have also been beneficial because they prevent depression and loneliness increasing the social ability of individuals. Social factors such as staying with the family can influence the quality of life and the economic status in ageing, the effects of lifestyle drugs can be done. Abstaining from alcohol and cigarette smoking have shown a significant relationship with the quality of life led by old people. The age of giving birth in women is also crucial in determining the lifestyle of a woman. Other Factors that affect a Healthy lifestyle A healthy lifestyle is determined by the friends that one has. Peer influence is one of the major reasons why young people engage in alcoholism taking and cigarette smoking. Many social groups tend to have people with common behaviors. Cigarette smokers and excessive alcoholics are at higher risks of depression (Gool et al., 2007). In women early motherhood has been associated with a decrease in life expectancy in many cases. Girls who give bir th in their teenage mostly have lower social economic status which makes them have an unhealthy lifestyle. Their physical health is usually poorer and there is a higher rate of mortality. To start with early mothers get mentally affected because they get so much duties to perform which are beyond their strength. They may drop out of school or have a lower perfomance in education compared to others. When their education is affected, the consequences are likely to be carried on to adulthood, because they do not get well paying jobs whereas they have the responsibility of taking care of the children. This causes depression which makes them vulnerable to many health complications (Henretta, Grundy, Okell, Wadsworth, 2008). Low social economic status cause people to take unhealthy diets, low physical activity and to engage in health deteriorating behaviors such as excessive alcoholism and cigarette smoking. These makes them prone to other diseases which reduce their quality of life in o ld age and low life expectancy. From a reseach which was done on twins with different social economicc levels, it was revealed that white blood cell telomere was short in those of lower social economic groups. Lower social economic people were engaged in smoking, perfomed less physical exercises and majority were overweight (Cherkas et al., 2006). Conclusion Promotion of health programs is the key factor to help in extension of life expectancy. Healthy lifestyle such as having adequate physical exercise and balanced diet, avoiding alcohol and cigarettes prevents occurrence of many diseases and thus increases the quality of life and life expectancy of life. Nurses and healthcare providers should maximize education practices to people so as to deal with the increased cases of diseases in old people. Teaching them on healthy lifestyle is invaluable and can highly reduce the intake of drugs. More research could be done to determine how diet, lifestyle and ageing process relate to each o ther. This could determine the effectiveness of nutritional supplements. References ADAM. (2010). Obesity. Web. Bandura, A. (1998). Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory. Web. Bohl, W. B. (2010). Investigating Elder self neglect. Web. Cherkas et al. (2006). The effects of social economic status on biological ageing as measured by white blood cell telomere. Ageing Cell. 5.5, 361-365. From EBSCO host. Print. Davies, N. (2011). Promoting healthy ageing: the importance of lifestyle. Nursing Standard.25.19, 43-50. From EBSCO host. Print. Gool et al. (2007). Associations Between Lifestyle and Depressed Mood:Longitudinal Results From the Maastricht Aging. American Journal of Public Health. 97. 5., 887-894. From EBSCO host. Print. Grzywacz, J. G. (2001). Social Inequalities and exercise during adulthood:Toward an ecological perspective. Jornal of Health and social behavior. 42.2, 202. From EBSCO host. Print. Guo, G., Philips, L. R. (2010). Conceptualization and N ursing Implications of self Imposed Activity Limitation among community dwelling elders. Public Health Nursing. 27.4, 353-361. From EBSCO host. Print. Harth, W., Seikowsky, K., Hermes, B. (2009). Lifestyle Drugs in old age. Gerontology. 55, 13-25. From EBSCO host. Print. Henretta, Grundy, Okell, Wadsworth. (2008). Early Motherhood and Mental heaalth in midlife. Ageing Mental Health. 12.5, 605-614. From EBSCO host. Print. Hinterlong, J. E. (2006). The Effects of Civic Engagement of Current and Future Cohorts of Older Adults. Winter. 30. 4, 10-17. From EBSCO host. Print. Society. (n. d). Aging and Society. Web. Twente. (2010). Social Cognitive Theory. University of Twente. Web. Yeap et al. (2009). Healthier Lifestyle predicts higher Circulating testosterone in older men:the Health in Men Study. Clinical Endocrinology. 70, 455-463. From EBSCO host. Print. This essay on Healthy Lifestyles and Ageing was written and submitted by user Desiree Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

In the context of mental health, how has the Essays

In the context of mental health, how has the Essays In the context of mental health, how has the Essay In the context of mental health, how has the Essay In the context of mental wellness, how has the construct of patient liberty developed and to what extent will the current reform of the Mental Health Act impact this rule? It is a cardinal rule of medical jurisprudence and moralss that before handling a competent patient a medical professional should acquire her or his consent. [ 1 ] Therefore, it is the patient, instead than the physicians, who has the concluding say in relation to the advancement of a certain intervention. This rule which allows the patient to take a certain medical intervention is known as the â€Å"principle of autonomy† . This principle involves complex issues which include: the definition of consent, whether consent demand to be â€Å"informed† and fortunes in which it is allowable to handle patients without their consent. The rule of liberty raises farther jobs in relation to the application of mental wellness jurisprudence, because the jurisprudence permits the detainment and intervention of people who are simply, even if they are competent. [ 2 ] Thus, it seems to be incongruent with the cardinal rule of medical jurisprudence. First, the paper shall discourse the development of the rule of patient liberty and consent in English jurisprudence. Then it will see how the Mental Health Act 1983 addresses these issues. Then it shall turn to how the reforms will impact this rule. Consent serves double intents: it tends to avoid the happening of the peculiar physical hurt the hazard of which the patient is non prepared to take and ensures that a patient’s liberty and self-respect is respected. [ 3 ] Furthermore, it besides seems to hold been established that non-consensual operation on a competent patient could be construed as anguish, or inhuman or degrading intervention which would be a dispute of Article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights. [ 4 ] By and large, a wellness professional who deliberately or recklessly touches a patient without her or his consent commits a offense ( a battery ) and a civil wrong ( trespass to the individual and/or carelessness [ 5 ] However, such actions of a wellness professional would non be improper, if it fits within one of the legal â€Å"flack jacket† as delineated by the Court of Appeal inRe W[ 6 ] . The flak jackets would protect a wellness professional in three fortunes: ( I ) when the professional obtains the consent of the patient ; ( two ) when the professional obtains the consent of another individual who is authorised to accept on the patient’s behalf ; and ( three ) when the professional’s actions were necessary. If a medical practician can non set up any of the three defense mechanisms so he could incur condemnable and civil liabilities. It seems to hold been established that personal liberty or the right to self finding is of paramount in English medical juris prudence ; and therefore when a competent patient makes it clear that he does non wish to have intervention which is, objectively, in his medical best involvement, it would be improper for a medical practician to administrate that intervention. [ 7 ] Although great weight has been placed on the importance of the right to bodily unity, it has been established that a patient is non entitled to have intervention which he or she wishes. [ 8 ] Thus, it follows that personal liberty is a negative right, i.e. , a right to except a medical professional from interfering with a person’s bodily unity, but it can non make a positive duty on medical professionals to supply a peculiar intervention. In order to appreciate the development of patient liberty, it is submitted that a general treatment in relation to the jurisprudence about consent would be apposite. When a patient is a competent grownup, merely that individual can accept. In English medical jurisprudence, there is no philosophy of consent by placeholder ; therefore, it is non possible for a married woman to give consent on behalf of her hubby. However, it seems to hold been established that a patient can give progress directive which is a papers puting out the interventions that a patient would or would non accept to in the event that he or she becomes unqualified. [ 9 ] The jurisprudence on the medical intervention of incompetent grownups is surprisingly restrictive. Due to the absence of a philosophy of placeholder, a relation can non give consent on an unqualified patient’s behalf. However, a medical practician can supply the intervention which is in the best involvement of the patient. The Mental Capacity Act ( MCA ) 2005 provides certain state of affairss where a individual is entitle do give consent on behalf of person else, viz. , when a competent grownup creates a n digesting power of lawyer which enables its beneficiary to do determinations on that adult’s behalf when he becomes unqualified, and allows the tribunal to name a deputy to take determinations on an unqualified adult’s behalf. For consent to be lawfully effectual, it must be a echt understanding by the patient to have the intervention. Therefore, it is necessary for a medical professional to show that ( I ) the individual is competent ; ( two ) the individual is sufficiently informed ; and ( three ) the individual is non capable to coercion or undue influence. [ 10 ] Section 1 ( 2 ) of The MCA 2005 has established that a medical professional should assume that a patient is competent, unless there is grounds that he or she is non. [ 11 ] If a instance comes to tribunal, the load is on the physician to show that the patient lacks capacity on a balance of chances. [ 12 ] Harmonizing to subdivision 2 ( 1 ) of the MCA, incompetency of a patient is demonstrated by the fact that a patient is unable to do a determination for himself or herself. Inability to do a determination has been defined as inability to understand the information relevant to the determination, retain that information, to utilize that information to make a determination, or to pass on his determination [ 13 ] . The MCA 2005, nevertheless, emphasises that a patient should non be treated as missing capacity â€Å"unless all practical stairss to assist him â€Å"reach capacity has been taken without success† . English jurisprudence does non recognize the philosophy of â€Å"informed consent† which provides that a patient can merely supply effectual consent if given the necessary and relevant information to do a proper determination [ 14 ] . It is sufficient if a patient understands â€Å"in wide footings the nature of the process which is intended.† [ 15 ] If a patient can set up that he or she did non consent to a process because he or she did so merely on the footing of false or unequal information ; [ 16 ] or that she did consent to the process but the medical professional was negligent in non informing her of all the hazards [ 17 ] , so the consent would be negated and the medical professional could liable in condemnable jurisprudence and civil jurisprudence. Finally, even if the first two conditions are satisfied the consent will non be lawfully effectual if it was non given freely. It is rare for this issue to originate and it is hard to show that an evident consent was merely given under coercion or undue influence. [ 18 ] It should be noted that consent does non hold to be in any peculiar signifier as there is no legal differentiation between a written or unwritten consent. Although in the instance of major surgery it is common to inquire a patient to subscribe a consent signifier. [ 19 ] Furthermore, consent is a uninterrupted construct, and therefore a medical professional should obtain consent for each medical process, instead than rely on the fact that the patient has consented to similar processs in the yesteryear. [ 20 ] Finally, consent can be express or implied. For illustration, when a proposes giving an injection and the patient says nil but rolls up her arm and presents her arm to the physician, it would represent an implie d consent because the patient’s behavior would bespeak that she has consented even though she had non expressly said â€Å"yes† . It is submitted that despite the accent on the jurisprudence associating to consent of a patient, the fact that Mental Health Act 1983 allows medical professionals to administrate intervention to mentally ill patients without the consent of a competent person is a cause of concern. The two authoritative justifications for the mandatory detainment of people with mental ailment wellness are by mention to aparens patriaepower in the State to guarantee that people are treated for unwellness when necessary and /or the constabulary power of the State to command people doing injury to others. [ 21 ] Theparens patriaejustification operates on the footing that the State has the right, as parents of the citizens, to take action for the benefit of the citizens, even though the citizens may non comprehend a demand for aid or wish to reject it. However, John Stuart Mill’s articulate logical thinking inEssay on Liberty( 1859 ) [ 22 ] has proven to be a major obstruction for the application of this rule because of his entry that State intervention where the action was designed to â€Å"prevent injury to others† would represent an indefensible intervention on autonomy. Harmonizing to him, the best involvements of the citizen would merely enforce an duty on the State to inform, advice or even remonstrate, but it could non warrant any positive invasion of single freedom by the State. The alternate justification, viz. the constabulary power, states that that State is entitled to interfere with individual’s autonomy where that single nowadays a danger ( or possibly injur y ) to others, and therefore protect others from dangers. In other words, this rule seems to forbid the violation of single autonomy if that is necessary to protect the â€Å"general public† from unsafe mentally sick people or for the protection of the single themselves. It is submitted that these justifications seem incompatible to the jurisprudence and the law that have been developed to guarantee that a patient’s freedom to take medical intervention is non infringed because it gives the State the power to sabotage the person freedom randomly. Therefore, it seems that patient liberty has non been one of the primary concerns in the mental wellness context. This seems to be demonstrated by the fact that that Act allows medical professionals to compulsorily admit patients against their will [ 23 ] and administer intervention which could be construed as anguish or inhuman and degrading intervention. [ 24 ] Under subdivision 2 of the Mental Health Act an application for an admittance for appraisal can be made if the patient suffers form mental upset of a nature or grade which warrants the detainment of the patient in a infirmary for appraisal ( or appraisal followed by medical intervention ) for a limited period ; or such a detainment would be in the involvements of his ain wellness or safety or with a position to the protection of others. Mental upset has been defined in subdivision 1 ( 2 ) of that Act as: â€Å"mental unwellness, arrested or uncomplete development of head, psychopathologic upset and any other upset or disablement of the mind.† Although the statue expressly states that promiscuousness, immoral behavior, sexual deviancy, intoxicant or drug dependence can non be the lone footing for handling person as holding a mental upset, it does non prevent a individual who suffers from a mental unwellness and any of those mentioned upsets from being classified as enduring a m ental upset. Furthermore, the phrase â€Å"nature or degree† has been defined to include a patient whose present manifestation of a serious mental status is non serious. [ 25 ] Thus, subdivision 2 can be invoked to compulsorily acknowledge a schizophrenic patient who was non demoing unsafe manifestation of his status at present but it was likely that he would in the close hereafter. The fact that mandatory admittance relates to instances where the patient poses a hazard to other people and to her or himself seems to integrate the rule ofparens patriaeand State constabularies power to conflict on single rights. Therefore, it seems organize the beginning that the statue provides limited protection of patient liberty. Even if an grownup, capable of giving consent, does non give his consent to the appraisal of his mental status, it is possible for medical professionals to control his autonomy even though he has non caused any injury to other people. The mere fact that a individual could be detained, if there is a hazard of injury of danger seems Draconian ; nevertheless, the fact that admittance under this proviso is capable to some safety step seem to guarantee that people who current conditions do non present a hazard to themselves or others and who is improbable to attest any unsafe conditions are non unnecessarily detained. Safety steps include a maximal time-limit on the figure of yearss a individual can be admitted obligatorily under this proviso, which is 28 yearss ; an process for instance reappraisal by a Mental Health Review court during the first 14 yearss of the detainment ; and a prohibition on disposal of intervention within the assessment period without the consent of the patient, unless there is an immediate and serious danger. InMH V Secretary of State for Health[ 26 ] the House of Lords considered the compatibility of subdivision 2 with the Human Rights Act 1998. Their Lordships opined that the proviso was compatible with the HRA 1998, because the protections were considered to be effectual and the extension of the reappraisal period without judicial blessing did non conflict Article 5 ( 4 ) of the ECHR because it was non required by that article. However, it is submitted that the fact that a individual can be detained even though he has non caused any danger and his current conditions do non demo any manifestations of unsafe inclinations seem to be a misdemeanor of patient liberty because there is no warrant that one time the individual is discharged he will non attest unsafe inclinations. In conformity with the logical thinking of John Stuart Mill, it is submitted such violation of personal freedom is inconsistent with the rule of autonomy. Admission for intervention under subdivision 3 is designed for long-run detainment and it can be invoked if ( a ) a patient is enduring from mental unwellness, terrible mental damage, psychotic upset or mental damage and his mental damage is of a nature or grade which makes it appropriate to have medical intervention in a infirmary ; and ( B ) in the instance of psychotic upset or mental damage, such intervention is likely to relieve or forestall a impairment of his status ; and it is necessary for his personal safety and the safety of others that he should be detained for the disposal of the intervention. [ 27 ] A psychotic upset seems to include a relentless upset or disablement of the head that consequences in abnormally aggressive or earnestly irresponsible behavior. [ 28 ] The significance of the treat-ability, the 2nd component of the subdivision 3, is that if a individual is enduring from a mental upset and there is no intervention that can be offered to better or to forestall a deterioration of a patient’s status, so that patient can non be detained. However, it seems to hold been established that the treat-ability trial would be satisfied if the stabilization or relief of the mental status is likely in due class, if indirect medical aid, such as nursing, attention, rehabilitation, etc. , is likely to enable a patient to obtain insight into his job and go more co-operative which could hold a permanent benefit. [ 29 ] Finally, the last standard is similar to subdivision 2 in that it is a manifestation ofparens patriaeand State constabularies power justifications for violation of single rights. However, the lone difference is that this proviso does non necessitate to be invoked if a patient consents to the intervention proposed by medical professionals. Although it seems that the patient has some liberty because the proviso would non hold to be detained if he consents to the intervention, the fact that he would be detained if he chooses non to accept seems to sabotage patient liberty. In fact, it is submitted that the rule of the right to self finding is undermined by these commissariats, without a sufficient justification. Theparens patriaeand State constabularies power justifications, although of import are non sufficient for the violation of the cardinal rights of single autonomy because it is one of paramount rule of medical jurisprudence and our fundamental law. Britons are entitled to transport out any action that is non expressly prohibited and which does non conflict on another person’s autonomy. Since a hazard of danger does non represent an violation of another person’s autonomy, it is submitted that this proviso is non relative. If an unqualified patient does non accept to intervention, so medical professionals can merely handle him in a manner that would advance his or her best involvement. [ 30 ] However, when a competent patient refuses intervention, intervention can merely be imposed upon them pursuant to Part IV of the Mental Health Act. Section 63 of that Act permits intervention for mental upset and does non empower intervention for physical conditions unrelated to the mental upset. This differentiation between intervention for a mental upset and intervention for other affairs has proven to be hard to explicate. For illustration, inRe KB ( Adult ) ( Mental Patient: Medical Treatment )[ 31 ] it was held that forced eating could be regarded as medical intervention every bit long as that intervention involved handling a symptom of the underlying medical upset. Furthermore, subsequent toNorfolk V Norwich Healthcare ( NHS ) Trust[ 32 ] it seems to hold been established that a sensible sum of force can be u sed to necessitate a patient to undergo intervention which is permitted under subdivision 63. These determinations do non look to be consistent with Article 3 of the ECHR which provides an absolute prohibition on anguish and inhuman and degrading intervention, because enforcing intervention against someone’s will could conflict Article 3. However, the Courts have taken a different sentiment and held that medical intervention of a medical status, if curative necessity with non infringe Article 3. [ 33 ] Thus, it seems that the medical professionals have to â€Å"convincingly† demonstrate that the non-consensual intervention is medically necessary if their actions were non to go against Article 3. [ 34 ] Although subdivision 63 does let look to sabotage patient liberty, it is submitted that the recent law seem to hold tried to better the status. The incorporation of more rigorous standards to warrant the disposal of intervention against someone’s will, look to guarantee that people’s liberty is non infringed unless it is medically necessary. It is submitted that this is a welcome development in the jurisprudence of mental wellness, because it ensures that people are non subjected to intervention that would sabotage their self-respect. Even though this attack is non a positive protection of personal autonomy, it ensures that patient’s organic structures are non violated and therefore it succeeds in protecting the patient’s liberty to decline a intervention, except when there is an clogging necessity for the disposal of intervention. The reform of the mental wellness jurisprudence has been long and painful. The current measure is at the commission phase in the House of Commons. [ 35 ] The intent of the measure had been to amend the jurisprudence associating to mandatory admittance of mentally sick patients, and simplify the definition of mental upset and protect patients and others from any injury that can originate from mental upset. The intents have been criticised on the evidences that the Government is seeking to go through a jurisprudence that would put a batch of accent on public protection and accordingly undermine patient liberty. Nevertheless, the new measure seem to include more elaborate commissariats, and therefore a more defined model, to turn to civil detainment of mentally sick patients. Harmonizing to the measure, a mentally sick patient can merely be treated obligatorily, if they satisfy the five relevant conditions. [ 36 ] These include: ( I ) that the patient is enduring from a mental upset ; ( two ) that upset is of such a nature or grade as to justify the proviso of medical intervention to him ; ( three ) that it is necessary ; ( four ) that the medical intervention can non legitimately be provided to the patent without him being capable to the commissariats of this portion ; and ( V ) that medical intervention is available which is appropriate in the patient’s instance, taking into history the nature or grade of his mental upset and all other fortunes of his instance. Mental upset has been defined as: â€Å"an damage of or a perturbation in the operation of the head or encephalon resulting in any disablement or upset of the head or encephalon. [ 37 ] This fact that this definition does non specify mental upset by virtuousness of its manifestations seems to be a development of the jurisprudence. Furthermore, it has been clarified that intoxicant and drug dependence would non be classified as mental upset. Clause 1 ( 7 ) [ 38 ] has codified the treatment-ability trial and clearly states out what would represent intervention. Necessity is an of import limitation on mandatory disposal of intervention because it ensures that if protection to self or others can be afforded in the community, so detainment can non be justified. Clause 9 ( 7 ) [ 39 ] has been criticised because it seems to be a disproportional usage of province powers, because medical professional can still handle a mentally sick patient under this proviso, even if the patient is willing and able to accept to the intervention. Finally, the Bill has expunged the demand that the intervention will better the patient’s status or prevent it from deteriorating to guarantee that intervention is available to the patient. In decision it is submitted that the reform of the Mental Health Law is welcome, because the commissariats for mandatory detainment under the current jurisprudence seems to basically inconsistent with the impression of patient liberty because it allows medical practicians to confine mentally sick patients without their consent and without the protection of a well defined procedural model. The Reformed jurisprudence is non perfect but at least it is a development as it provides a more defined model for medical professionals if they decide to confine a mentally sick patient against their will. Bibliography Legislation and Bill Mental Capacity Act 2005 Mental Health Act 1983 Mental Health Bill 2004 Cases Appleton V Garrett( 1995 ) 34 BMLR 23 Bartlye V Studd, unreported Chatterton V Gerson[ 1981 ] 1 All ER 257 Chester V Afshar[ 2004 ] UKHL 41 Freeman v Home Office[ 1984 ] 1 All ER 1036. MH V Secretary of State for Health[ 2005 ] UKHL 60. Norfolk V Norwich Healthcare ( NHS ) Trust[ 1996 ] 2 FLR 613 Re B ( Consent to Treatment: Capacity )[ 2002 ] EWCH 429 Re KB ( Adult ) ( Mental Patient: Medical Treatment )( 1994 ) 19 BMLR 144. Re W[ 1992 ] 4 All ER 627, 633 R V Canons Parke MHRT ex p A[ 1994 ] 2 All ER 659. R v Mental Health Tribunal for South Thames Region ex P Smith( 1998 ) 47 BMLR 104. R ( on the application of B ) V Dr S[ 2005 ] EWHC 1939 ( Admin. ) R ( on the application of M ) V Dr M, A NHS Trust and Dr O[ 2002 ] EWHC 1911 R ( on the application of Burke ) V GMC[ 2005 ] 3 FCR 169 R ( on the application of Burke ) V GMC[ 2004 ] EWHC ( Admin ) 1879 R ( on the application of N ) V Dr M A NHS Trust[ 2002 ] EWHC 1911 R V Sullivan[ 1984 ] AC 156, 170-1 R V Tabaussum[ 2000 ] Ll Rep Med 404 Sidaway V Bethlem[ 1985 ] 1 All ER 643 Monograph Herring, Jonathan,Medical Law and Ethical motives, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006 McHale, Jean and Fox, Marie,Health Care Law, 2neodymiumEd. , Thompson Sweet A ; Maxwell, London, 2007

Putting sport in context Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Putting sport in context - Coursework Example ly, the planner has to take into consideration knowledge and understanding of the sport, have cognitive skills and generally approach coaching sessions from a professional perspective (Garland, Malcolm, & Rowe 2000). The second activity, actual coaching of children, is a physical activity. This is because coaching in today’s society demands the physical input and practical participation of the coach. Giving a player the instructions to conduct an activity for instance is not as effective as actually showing them what requires to be done. As such, the coach participates as much as the players in the activities scheduled for a coaching session. This fact can be explained through the transformation of the sports arena from the early 1900 when a swimming instructor, for instance, would guide a swimming session from the sidelines of a pool and would assist a troubled swimmer, without necessary getting into the water, with a long pole. In contrast, today’s swimming instructor is always in a swim suit ready to dive into the water should the need arise. In addition to this, swimming instructors get into the water themselves during training sessions, practically illustrating the body move ments necessary (Study Guide 2008). Football has become a household name in most regions of the world. To most people, it is considered a sport since they engage in it for leisure purposes. The physical activity carried out in football serves to improve the experience in the sport as well as enhance efficiency. The major difference between a sport and a physical activity is the competitiveness involved. Physical activities are also not governed by any regulations unlike sports (Stevens 2008). Football entails teamwork, a virtue that is of importance in life, competitiveness and physical activity. In addition, the game is governed by rules set by an international body, Federation of International Football Association, FIFA. According to UNICEF (2004), a sport must be regulated

Arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arguments - Essay Example The beaches in San Diego are beautiful and famous, and the city has several other attractions such as zoo, wild Animal Park, Sea World, and Balboa Park with all the museums. Similarly, this beautiful city is distinguished for the availability of world-class goods and services, and it is one of the richest and safest cities in the United States. It is important to realize that Forbes magazine has rated San Diego as the fifth-wealthiest city in the United States and the 9th safest city in the top 10 list of safest cities in the nation. (Clemence) The city was also rated in 2006 as the fifth-best place to live in the United States, and there are several favorable conditions for happy and peaceful living in the city, including the weather, the beaches, opportunities for cultural events, availability of world-class goods and services, etc. Therefore, it is indubitable to claim that San Diego is a great place to live in. In a reflective analysis of the favorable conditions to live in San D iego, it becomes evident that the city is blessed with comfortable weather, the beaches, opportunities for cultural events, etc. The weather of the city, which is comfortable year round, is the most important reason to claim that it is a great location for happy living.

Critical Summary and Evaluation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Summary and Evaluation - Term Paper Example Moreover, he believes that the education system needs to be reformed to such an extent that only the best students can be attracted to become teachers, especially in high school and middle school. This will encourage students to learn and excel in their academics, because they will be taught by people who know what is best for them. He observes that this is not the current case in most schools because most of those who are assigned as teachers are the ones who used to perform poorly in class. This, in Gutting’s opinion, is one of the reasons why there is so little motivation among students to perform in their academics; these students are not even focused on what they want to do in life, instead concentrating on irrelevant things. The same case seems to apply to those who teach them because they have no new knowledge to provide students. Since the teachers themselves were not strong performers in class, they do not concentrate on building the intellectual capabilities of their students. It can therefore, be said that more incentives should be provided to those teachers who are highly educated, so that they can comfortably be able to teach high school, hence do away with the need for students to go to college. ... Gutting suggests that steps be taken to ensure that high schools are as attractive to teach in as colleges are. Only the best teacher should be recruited to teach the students so that their performance can be improved. Furthermore, it is also necessary to improve the infrastructure in schools so that both teachers and students feel comfortable working within it. If all these are implemented, then, Gutting suggests, a high school education would be sufficient to allow an individual to function perfectly in the workplace. Only those who want to specialize in certain fields should be the ones going to college. Evaluation When one considers the article by Gutting, one will find that most of his arguments make sense. It is, indeed, true that the quality of high school education in America has been gradually eroding over the years. This is due to the lack of qualified people to teach high school students. If the majority of the teachers today were competent enough in what they were doing, then it would not have been necessary for students to go to college in the first place. College would have been only for those people who were interested in furthering their education. Making high school teaching jobs attractive would require the introduction of equal or more incentive than that given to college professors. This will ensure that more professionals who would otherwise have opted to teach in colleges going to teach in high school. Such a move would almost instantly ensure that the quality of education in high schools went up. It would offer high school students an insight into what exactly they would like to do in their lives. Furthermore, these teachers would function as role models for their students, who would

Attitudes Towards Minorities With Mental Illness Social Work Essay

Attitudes Towards Minorities With Mental Illness Social Work Essay Members of ethnic minority groups are faced with several barriers that prevent them from adequately participating in treatment for mental illness. Mental illnesses are commonly overlooked and untreated due to the negative connotations that surround them. Minorities with lower socioeconomic status frequently have poor physical health, which creates vulnerability to mental illness pooled with a lack of affordable treatment and accessible resources. Stigma along with various beliefs and attitudes generates discrimination and social distancing behaviors towards persons with mental illness, as a result of the direct affects of ignorance, negative attitudes, and common beliefs. This often results in discrepancy and underutilization of service amongst minority populations. Mental Illness is a disorder of the brain that affects a persons mood, thinking and behavior (Cohen 2002, NIMH). Mental disorders are all around us, however, in many cases some are overlooked. According to the National Institute of Mental Health an estimated 26.2 percent of Americans, ages 18 and older, suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder each year; an estimated 45 percent of those with any diagnosable mental disorder meet criteria for 2 or more disorders (NIMH 2010). Serious mental illnesses interrupt a persons ability to carry out essential aspects of daily life. There are several different types of mental illnesses some of which are more severe than others, however, the most common disorders are depression, anxiety disorders, panic attacks, bipolar disorders, phobias, eating disorders, substance abuse, dementia, and schizophrenia (Kobau 2008). Causes of mental illness range from inherited traits and genetics to biological, environmental and social cultural factors to life experiences, such as excessive stress. When mental illnesses are left untreated, it can cause emotional, physical and behavioral health problems (Cohen, 2002; Whitley, 2010). However, due to stigmas and various negative connotations surrounding mental illness people often try to reject, ignore or self medicate the illness in a state of denial (Cohen, 2002). Moreover, poverty is an important moderator of the correlation between serious mental illness and social problems (Draine, 2002). African Americans as well as minorities are more prone to suffer from significant and persistent disparities within the mental health system (Whitley, 2010). This research paper will examine racial differences of both men and women suffering from common mental illness disorders and their usage of mental health services associated with stigmas. Minorities suffering from menta l illness are often less likely to access service from a mental health professional, and will more often receive poor quality care or drop out upon admittance (Whitley, 2010). Stigma and Discrimination The term stigma originally derives from the ancient Greek practice where criminals were branded, leaving them with a mark referred to as a stigma that allowed them to be easily identified (Gibson 2008). Persons with a stigma were usually rejected from society, viewed as outcast, and devalued by society similar to persons suffering from mental illness. Due to the stigma attached to persons tormented by mental illness, it forms a lack of personal contact with persons suffering from these disorders; resulting in a lack of knowledge, which in turn leads to prejudices, negative attitudes and stereotypes towards them (Alegria 2002, Guimà ³n 2010). Stigmatization of persons suffering with mental illness stems from socio-cultural, ethnic, religious, and economic factors (Guimà ³n, 2010). Stereotype-based negative attitudes and prejudices towards mental illness develop early in life, originating from cultural, historical and media depictions (Sartorius Schulze, 2005; Bauman, 2007; Guimà ³ n 2010). Prejudices, discrimination and social distance are frequent consequences of the stigmatization that follows mental illness. The effect of stigma permeates through many aspects of the lives mentally ill patients, resulting in discrimination by means of denial of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. For example, adequate housing, employment, education, health, freedom of opinion and expression can all be affected either directly or indirectly triggered by mental illness (Guimà ³n, 2010). Due to expectations of stable norms and values that shape todays society social distance becomes a direct effect of stigma related to mental illness (Baumann, 2007). When severe mental illness results in unusual or abnormal behavior the desire for separation and social distance becomes essential. Several social psychiatrists propose that society itself is sick and that stigmas and the diagnostic process are simply attempts to label individuals who try to free themselves from societ ys general organization (Guimà ³n, 2010). Stigma associated with mental illness exists across the general population. However, they hold acute significance amongst minority populations. Studies have found racial and ethnic differences regarding stigmatizing attitudes surrounding people with mental illness, which often influences discrimination and negative attitudes toward seeking treatment for mental illnesses (Alegria 2002, Faye 2005, Bolden 2005, Anglin, 2006). Minorities endure double stigma as a result of discriminatory practices along with having to deal with the burden of living with a mental disorder (Faye 2005, Shim 2009). Double stigma is created by ethnic minority group membership, which confronts the individual with significant barriers (Faye 2005). Researchers have theorized that African Americans, Caribbean blacks and persons from other ethnic minority groups hold more negative attitudes than Caucasians (Anglin, 2006; Shim, 2009; Whitley 2010). Stigmatizing attitudes in most cases acts as a barrier and deters i ndividuals from seeking care in order to avoid the label and shame of mental illness that result when people are associated with mental health care (Gary, 2005; Anglin, 2006). Quality of Treatment Care Furthermore, stigmatizing views are not strictly limited to the general population or in the context of social relationships with friends, relatives or employers; stereotypes also occur in the contact with general health professionals (Guimà ³n 2010, Ross Goldner 2009). A vast number of general medical nurses share negative attitudes and commonly held stereotypical beliefs of mental illness. Studies have shown that mental health psychiatry patients needs are not viewed as a priority by general medical nurses (Ross Goldner 2009). Thus they have more constructive things to handle such as looking after someone who is really sick, and more deserving while mentally ill patients are simply taking up space preventing a patient in need from a receiving a bed (Ross Goldner 2009). General nurses often stigmatize and present negative attitudes towards mental health psychiatry patients due to a lack of knowledge in addition to media generated and historical misrepresentations of persons with mental illness as violent and bizarre (Gary 2005; Ross Goldner, 2009; Guimà ³n, 2010). Affordable treatment and accessible resources is also a discrepancy when it comes to seeking psychiatric services. Minorities are at risk for not receiving adequate mental health care, given the lower socioeconomic status (Gary 2005). They often lack health insurance and are not capable to pay for services (Roberts 2008). This creates a circle of poverty is created when serious mental disorders go untreated resulting in individuals becoming unable to fully participate in education and work opportunities (Roberts 2008). Family resources are often depleted due to poverty, drastically effecting families struggling to provide care, and costly treatment for their loved ones (Gary 2005). Minorities with mental illness are less likely to receive treatment for mental illness. However, when they do receive treatment the care is more likely to be of poor quality (Shim 2009). Because African Americans and minorities seek treatment during a crisis the care they receive is normally crisis oriented, episodic and less likely to enhance long term recovery.(Bolden 2008) Social position plays major role in both mental illness and service use (Alegria 2002, Roberts 2008, Whitley 2010). Living in poor socioeconomic conditions encourage suffering distress and a greater risk of becoming diagnosed with a mental illness, with a lower chance of obtaining proper treatment (Roberts 2008, Whitley 2010). Minorities are overrepresented in underserved communities often lacking insurance or the ability to pay for services (Alegria 2002, Roberts 2008, Whitley 2010). Therefore, due to African Americans as well as other minorities previous experience with lower quality mental healthcare due to r acist experiences they are often discouraged from seeking care (Algeria 2002). Treatment Views and Outcomes In order to avoid anticipated discrimination and prejudice due to their condition, many people suffering with mental illness fail to seek treatment for early symptoms. One in four Americans will be affected by a mental health disorder in their lives. However, two out of three persons will seek help from a professional (Roberts, 2008). Minorities often seek late treatment during a crisis at the emergency room or from a primary care physician opposed to a psychiatrist or other specialty mental health professionals (Shim 2009, Bolden 2005). Studies have shown that specifically African Americans and minorities underutilize voluntary professional mental health services, driven by the uncertainty of the effectiveness of treatment (Anglin 2008, Jagedeo 2009), viewing the mental health clinic as a place to be fearfully avoided rather than a provider of service (Whitley 2010). Several researchers have hypothesized that certain demographics are more likely to feel uncomfortable speaking with a mental health professionals. Research has shown that a possible explanation for the differences of minorities seeking and receiving treatment for mental illness is a consequence of mistrust among patients (Alegria 2002). It has been argued that African American patients believe that their mental health experience of anguish is a religious or moral issue opposed to a psychiatric concern (Whitley 2010). African Americans prefer to receive informal counseling from church officials and ministers, which in turn prolongs delays in clinical treatment (Bolden 2005, Anglin 2008, Whitley 2010). Deidre M. Anglins research also suggests that African Americans are more likely to seek services from extended family networks. Anglin stresses the importance of family involvement and religion in African American Culture, which correlates to psychiatric rehabilitation related to stigma and family involvement, where families often discourage persons suffering with mental illness from seeking treatment (Whitley 2010). In contrast to the stigma associated with mental illness researchers have found that African Americans are more likely to believe that metal health professionals or a spiritual leader can help individuals suffering from mental disorders, however, studies consistently show that African Americans under utilize voluntary mental health services(Anglin 2008). Research has found that African Americans along with other minorities often believe that mental illness conditions will improve on their own, or that the condition is not serious (Anglin 2008, Roberts 2008, Shim 2009). Research has suggested that minorities believe that mild symptoms of mental illness are normal experiences, due to socioeconomic problems and daily experiences within their community (Roberts 2008). African Americans are more likely to delay seeking help until they experience symptoms or during a crisis, and are severely ill during the time of utilization which determines the length of the stay (Bolden 2005, Anglin 200 8). Furthermore, when individuals decide to seek treatment, many of them neglect the prescribed course of therapy, while others terminate mental health services all together (Faye 2005). Research suggests that once contact with mental healthcare professionals is made positive pretreatment attitudes diminish (Angling 2008, Shim 2009). African Americans and minorities have cultural mistrust when it comes to the mental healthcare system, leading to increased dropout and decreased client satisfaction surrounding treatment (Anglin 2008). Negative attitudes and stigma also advocate a strong association between mental healthcare and treatment dropout (Jagedeo 2009). Conclusion Racial and ethnic minorities beliefs regarding the natural course and the seriousness of mental illnesses relate to the perceived treatment effectiveness and common beliefs. Stigmatization, negative attitudes and discrimination attached to mental illnesses often lead to the under treatment of mental disorders. Minorities frequently believe that mental illness can be treated and possibly improve. However, there is inconsistency between the beliefs of actual need for treatment and utilization. Together, these realities support the hypothesis that minorities with mental illness are often less likely to access service from a mental health professional. In sum, increased awareness regarding the benefits of treatment can increase efforts, as well as beliefs hat mental health treatment is necessary.